GCSE Science: Formula Summary Handbook | GCSE 科学：公式汇总手册

📚 GCSE Science: Formula Summary Handbook | GCSE 科学：公式汇总手册

Mastering key formulas is essential for success in GCSE Science. This handbook brings together the most important equations from physics, with clear explanations and units to help you memorise and apply them confidently in the exam. Each section presents the formula, breaks down the symbols, and provides a worked example to show how the numbers fit together.

掌握关键公式是 GCSE 科学考试成功的基础。本手册汇总了物理学科最核心的方程式，并配有清晰的解释和单位，助你轻松记忆、自信运用。每个小节都给出公式、拆解符号含义，并提供计算实例，帮助理解数值关系。

1. Speed, Distance and Time | 速度、距离和时间

The relationship between speed, distance and time is one of the most basic in physics. Average speed is the total distance travelled divided by the time taken.

速度、距离和时间的关系是物理学最基础的内容之一。平均速度等于通过的总距离除以所用的时间。

speed = distance ÷ time

v = s ÷ t

Speed (v) is measured in metres per second (m/s), distance (s) in metres (m) and time (t) in seconds (s). Always check that your units are consistent — if distance is given in kilometres and time in hours, convert to metres and seconds or use km/h.

速度 (v) 的单位是米每秒 (m/s)，距离 (s) 单位为米 (m)，时间 (t) 单位为秒 (s)。务必保持单位统一——如果距离以千米、时间以小时给出，需要转换为米和秒，或者统一使用 km/h。

You can rearrange the formula to find distance: distance = speed × time, or to find time: time = distance ÷ speed. This triangle relationship is handy for problem-solving.

公式可以变形：距离 = 速度 × 时间，以及时间 = 距离 ÷ 速度。这个三角关系对解题很有帮助。

Example: A cyclist covers 300 m in 25 s. The average speed = 300 m ÷ 25 s = 12 m/s.

示例：一名自行车手在 25 秒内行驶了 300 米。平均速度 = 300 ÷ 25 = 12 m/s。

2. Acceleration | 加速度

Acceleration tells us how quickly an object speeds up or slows down. It is defined as the change in velocity per unit time.

加速度表示物体加速或减速的快慢程度，定义为单位时间内速度的变化量。

acceleration = change in velocity ÷ time

a = Δv ÷ t

The change in velocity Δv is final velocity (v) minus initial velocity (u). Acceleration (a) is in metres per second squared (m/s²), velocity in m/s, time in seconds. A negative acceleration means the object is deceler

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