IGCSE WJEC Physics: Final Revision Checklist | IGCSE WJEC 物理：期末复习提纲

📚 IGCSE WJEC Physics: Final Revision Checklist | IGCSE WJEC 物理：期末复习提纲

This comprehensive revision checklist covers all key topics for the IGCSE WJEC Physics examination. Use it to track your progress and ensure you understand every concept, formula, and practical skill. Each point is paired in English and Chinese so you can test your knowledge from either language.

这份全面的复习提纲涵盖了 IGCSE WJEC 物理考试的所有关键主题。用其跟踪进度，确保理解每个概念、公式和实验技能。每个要点均以中英双语配对呈现，方便从任一语言进行自测。

1. Measurements and Units | 测量与单位

Recall the six SI base units: metre (m), kilogram (kg), second (s), ampere (A), kelvin (K) and mole (mol). Derived units such as newton (N) and joule (J) are built from these.

回忆六个国际单位制基本单位：米（m）、千克（kg）、秒（s）、安培（A）、开尔文（K）和摩尔（mol）。导出单位如牛顿（N）和焦耳（J）均由它们组合而成。

Use standard form and prefixes confidently: kilo (k = 10³), mega (M = 10⁶), giga (G = 10⁹), centi (c = 10⁻²), milli (m = 10⁻³), micro (µ = 10⁻⁶), nano (n = 10⁻⁹).

熟练使用标准形式和常用词头：千（k = 10³）、兆（M = 10⁶）、吉（G = 10⁹）、厘（c = 10⁻²）、毫（m = 10⁻³）、微（µ = 10⁻⁶）、纳（n = 10⁻⁹）。

Measure length with a ruler or vernier caliper, time with a stopwatch, and mass with a balance. Identify random and systematic errors and suggest improvements.

使用直尺或游标卡尺测量长度，秒表测量时间，天平测量质量。能区分随机误差与系统误差，并提出改进方法。

Calculate the mean of repeat readings and use the range (max − min) to estimate uncertainty. For a single measurement, the uncertainty is half the smallest scale division.

计算重复读数的平均值，并利用极差（最大值减最小值）估计不确定度。单次测量的不确定度为最小刻度值的一半。

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2. Motion and Forces | 运动与力

Define and calculate speed: v = d / t, where d is distance and t is time. Distinguish between scalar speed and vector velocity.

定义并计算速率：v = d / t，其中 d 为路程，t 为时间。区分标量速率与矢量速度。

v = d / t

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity: a = (v − u) / t. Plot and interpret distance–time and velocity–time graphs.

加速度是速度的变化率：a = (v − u) / t。能绘制并解读路程–时间图和速度–时间图。

a = (v − u) / t

For constant acceleration, use the equations: v = u + at, s = ut + ½at², v² = u² + 2as. The slope of a velocity–time graph gives acceleration; the area under it gives displacement.

匀加速运动方程：v = u + at，s = ut + ½at²，v² = u² + 2as。速度–时间图的斜率代表加速度，图线下的面积代表位移。

State Newton’s three laws. Second law: F = ma. Weight W = mg, where g ≈ 9.8 m/s² on Earth. Identify force pairs acting on different bodies.

阐述牛顿三大定律。第二定律：F = ma。重量 W = mg，地球表面 g ≈ 9.8 m/s²。能识别作用在不同物体上的作用力与反作用力对。

Understand momentum p = mv and the conservation law. In collisions: m₁u₁ + m₂u₂ = m₁v₁ + m₂v₂. Force equals rate of change of momentum: F = Δp / Δt.

理解动量 p = mv 和动量守恒定律。碰撞中：m₁u₁ + m₂u₂ = m₁v₁ + m₂v₂。力等于动量变化率：F = Δp / Δt。

Investigate motion using light gates, ticker timers, or motion sensors to measure velocity and acceleration.

能运用光电门、打点计时器或运动传感器等设备，通过实验测量速度和加速度。

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3. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功与功率

Energy is stored in kinetic (½mv²), gravitational potential (mgh), elastic, chemical, thermal and nuclear forms. The principle of conservation of energy always applies.

能量以动能（½mv²）、重力势能（mgh）、弹性势能、化学能、热能和核能等形式储存。能量守恒定律始终成立。

Work done = force × distance moved in the direction of the force: W = Fd. 1 joule = 1 newton metre.

功 = 力 × 沿力方向移动的距离：W = Fd。1 焦耳 = 1 牛顿·米。

Power is the rate of doing work: P = W / t. Also, power = (energy transferred) / time. The unit is watt (W).

功率是做功的快慢：P = W / t。也可表示为 P = 传递的能量 / 时间。单位是瓦特（W）。

Calculate efficiency = (useful output energy / total input energy) × 100%, or the equivalent power ratio.

计算效率 =（有用输出能量 / 总输入能量）× 100%，或使用相应的功率比。

Describe energy transfers in common devices: lamp (electrical → light + thermal), motor (electrical → kinetic + sound + thermal). Draw Sankey diagrams.

描述常见设备中的能量转换：电灯（电能 → 光能 + 热能），电动机（电能 → 动能 + 声能 + 热能）。能够绘制桑基图。

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4. Thermal Physics | 热物理

Know the particle models of solids, liquids and gases. Heating changes the kinetic energy of particles; at constant temperature, heat provides latent energy for change of state.

掌握固体、液体和气体的粒子模型。加热改变粒子的动能；在温度恒定时，热量提供改变状态所需的潜热。

Define specific heat capacity (c): Q = mcΔθ, where Q is thermal energy, m mass and Δθ temperature change. Carry out experiments with a joulemeter and thermometer.

定义比热容（c）：Q = mcΔθ，其中 Q 为热能，m 为质量，Δθ 为温度变化。能够用焦耳计和温度计进行实验测定。

Define specific latent heat (L): Q = mL. Distinguish between latent heat of fusion (solid ↔ liquid) and vaporisation (liquid ↔ gas).

定义比潜热（L）：Q = mL。区分熔化潜热（固态 ↔ 液态）和汽化潜热（液态 ↔ 气态）。

Explain gas behaviour using pressure and temperature. For a fixed mass of gas at constant volume, p/T = constant (in kelvin). Absolute zero is 0 K ≈ −273 °C.

利用压强和温度解释气体行为。在体积固定、质量一定时，p/T = 常数（用开尔文温标）。绝对零度为 0 K，约等于 −273 °C。

Describe how thermal expansion works in solids, liquids and gases; give real-life examples such as bimetallic strips and expansion gaps on bridges.

描述固体、液体和气体的热膨胀，举出生活中的实例，如双金属片和桥梁的伸缩缝。

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5. Waves | 波动

Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. Transverse waves (e.g. light) oscillate perpendicular to the direction of travel; longitudinal waves (e.g. sound) oscillate parallel.

波传递能量而不传递物质。横波（如光波）振动方向与传播方向垂直；纵波（如声波）振动方向与传播方向平行。

Define amplitude, wavelength (λ), frequency (f) and period (T). The wave equation: v = f λ. Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz).

定义振幅、波长（λ）、频率（f）和周期（T）。波动方程：v = f λ。频率的单位为赫兹（Hz）。

v = f λ

Describe reflection, refraction and diffraction. Draw ray diagrams for reflection; know that refraction involves change in speed and, if entering at an angle, change in direction.

描述反射、折射和衍射。能画出反射的光线图；理解折射涉及速度变化，若倾斜入射则方向也发生改变。

The electromagnetic spectrum runs from radio waves to gamma rays. Know the order: radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray, gamma. All travel at 3×10⁸ m/s in vacuum.

电磁波谱从无线电波排列到伽马射线。记住顺序：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X 射线、伽马射线。在真空中传播速度均为 3×10⁸ m/s。

Sound is a longitudinal wave requiring a medium. Relate the pitch to frequency and loudness to amplitude. Use an oscilloscope to display waveforms.

声音是需要介质的纵波。音调与频率相关，响度与振幅相关。能使用示波器显示声波波形。

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6. Electricity | 电学

Current I = Q / t, where Q is charge in coulombs. In a closed series circuit, current is the same everywhere; in parallel, total current splits across branches.

电流 I = Q / t，其中 Q 为电荷量，单位为库仑。在闭合串联电路中，各处电流相等；在并联电路中，干路电流等于各支路电流之和。

Define voltage (potential difference) V = W / Q. Measure voltage in volts (V). For ohmic conductors, resistance R = V / I, where R is in ohms (Ω).

定义电压（电势差）V = W / Q，单位为伏特（V）。对于欧姆导体，电阻 R = V / I，电阻的单位为欧姆（Ω）。

Ohm’s law: V = IR. Sketch I–V characteristics for a fixed resistor (linear), filament lamp (curve), diode (one-way current).

欧姆定律：V = IR。能画出固定电阻器（线性）、灯丝灯泡（曲线）、二极管（单向导电）的 I–V 特性曲线。

Resistors in series: Rₛ = R₁ + R₂. Resistors in parallel: 1/Rₚ = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂. Current divides in parallel; voltage splits in series.

串联电阻：Rₛ = R₁ + R₂。并联电阻：1/Rₚ = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂。并联时电流分流，串联时电压分压。

Electrical power P = IV and also P = I²R = V²/R. Energy transferred E = Pt (in joules) or E = IVt. Domestic energy is billed in kilowatt-hours (kWh).

电功率 P = IV，也可写为 P = I²R = V²/R。能量传递 E = Pt（焦耳）或 E = IVt。家庭用电量以千瓦时（kWh）计费。

Explain the need for fuses and circuit breakers; the fuse rating should be slightly above the normal operating current. Know earth wire and double insulation for safety.

解释保险丝和断路器的必要性；保险丝的额定电流应稍高于正常工作电流。理解安全接地线和双重绝缘的作用。

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7. Magnetism and Electromagnetism | 磁学与电磁学

A magnet has a north and south pole; like poles repel, unlike poles attract. Draw magnetic field lines from N to S using a plotting compass.

磁铁有北极和南极；同名极相斥，异名极相吸。能用小磁针画出从 N 极指向 S 极的磁感线。

An electric current produces a magnetic field: use the right-hand grip rule for a straight wire. A solenoid concentrates the field; add a soft iron core to make an electromagnet.

电流产生磁场：对于直导线，使用右手螺旋定则。螺线管使磁场增强且集中；加入软铁芯可制成电磁铁。

The motor effect: a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field experiences a force. F = BIl when the wire is perpendicular to the field. Use Fleming’s left-hand rule.

电动机效应：磁场中的通电导体会受到力的作用。当导体与磁场垂直时，F = BIl。运用弗莱明左手定则判断方向。

Electromagnetic induction: a changing magnetic field induces a voltage. Relate to generators and transformers. In a transformer: Vₚ/Vₛ = Nₚ/Nₛ (ideal).

电磁感应：变化的磁场会感应出电压。与发电机和变压器相关。理想变压器公式：Vₚ/Vₛ = Nₚ/Nₛ。

Describe the construction of a simple d.c. motor (split-ring commutator) and an a.c. generator (slip rings).

描述简单直流电动机（换向器结构）和交流发电机（滑环结构）的构造与工作原理。

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8. Atomic Structure and Radioactivity | 原子结构与放射性

An atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons. Proton number = atomic number; nucleon number = mass number.

原子由包含质子和中子的原子核以及绕核运动的电子组成。质子数 = 原子序数；核子数 = 质量数。

Describe alpha (α: ⁴₂He), beta (β−: high-speed electron) and gamma (γ: electromagnetic wave) radiation. Compare their ionising power, penetrating power and range in air.

描述 α 粒子（⁴₂He）、β− 粒子（高速电子）和 γ 射线（电磁波）。比较它们的电离能力、穿透能力和在空气中的射程。

Radioactive decay is a random process. Activity (becquerel, Bq) is the number of decays per second. Half-life is the time for activity to halve.

放射性衰变是随机过程。活度（贝可勒尔，Bq）为每秒衰变次数。半衰期是活度减半所需的时间。

Write balanced nuclear equations for alpha and beta decay. In alpha decay, mass number decreases by 4, proton number by 2. In beta decay, mass number stays the same, proton number increases by 1.

写出 α 衰变和 β 衰变的核反应方程。α 衰变中，质量数减少 4，质子数减少 2；β 衰变中，质量数不变，质子数增加 1。

Uses of radiation: smoke alarms (alpha), thickness monitoring (beta), sterilisation (gamma), medical tracers and radiotherapy. Handle sources safely with distance, shielding and time.

放射性的应用：烟雾报警器（α）、厚度监测（β）、消毒灭菌（γ）、医学示踪和放射治疗。安全操作需注意距离、屏蔽和接触时间。

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9. Space Physics | 空间物理

Our Solar System contains the Sun, eight planets, moons, asteroids and comets. The planets move in elliptical orbits; gravity provides the centripetal force.

太阳系包括太阳、八大行星、卫星、小行星和彗星。行星沿椭圆轨道运行；引力提供向心力。

The life cycle of a star depends on its mass. A star like the Sun goes from nebula → main sequence → red giant → white dwarf. More massive stars end in a supernova, leaving a neutron star or black hole.

恒星的演化路径取决于质量。类似太阳的恒星：星云 → 主序星 → 红巨星 → 白矮星。质量更大的恒星会经历超新星爆发，留下中子星或黑洞。

The Big Bang theory states the Universe began from a single point and is still expanding. Evidence includes galactic red-shift and cosmic microwave background radiation.

大爆炸理论认为宇宙起源于一个点并仍在膨胀。证据包括星系的红移现象和宇宙微波背景辐射。

Red-shift shows that galaxies are moving away; the farther a galaxy, the faster it recedes. This suggests an expanding Universe.

红移现象表明星系正在远离我们；星系越远，退行速度越快。这支持宇宙正在膨胀的理论。

Describe the orbit of artificial satellites: geostationary satellites remain above a fixed point on Earth; low-Earth-orbit satellites orbit faster and are used for imaging.

描述人造卫星的轨道：地球静止轨道卫星始终位于地球赤道上空的固定点；低地球轨道卫星速度更快，常用于成像。

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10. Practical Skills and Data Analysis | 实验技能与数据分析

Identify independent, dependent and control variables in any investigation. Write clear, repeatable methods and record data in tables with correct headings and units.

在任何探究中识别自变量、因变量和控制变量。写出清晰、可重复的方法，并在表格中以正确表头和单位记录数据。

When drawing graphs, use labelled axes with units, sensible scales, and mark data points with small crosses. Draw a line of best fit (straight or smooth curve).

绘制图表时，坐标轴要有标注和单位，采用合理比例，用叉号标出数据点。画出最佳拟合线（直线或光滑曲线）。

Calculate the gradient of a straight line and link it to physical quantities. For a curved graph, draw a tangent at the required point to find the instantaneous gradient.

计算直线的斜率，并将其与物理量关联。若图线为曲线，在所需点处作切线以求得瞬时斜率。

Evaluate your experiment: identify anomalous results, comment on repeatability, and suggest improvements to reduce error or increase accuracy.

评估实验：识别异常数据，评价可重复性，并提出减少误差或提高准确度的改进建议。

Know how to use standard laboratory equipment: multimeter, oscilloscope, ray box, lenses, risk assessment and correct use of electrical circuits.

掌握常规实验设备的使用：万用表、示波器、光线盒、透镜，能进行风险评估并正确搭建电路。

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