📚 OCR Science: End-of-Term Review Outline | OCR 科学：期末复习提纲
Preparing for an OCR Science end-of-term assessment requires a structured approach that covers key concepts in Biology, Chemistry, Physics and practical skills. This review outline helps you focus on the most important topics, understand common question types and reinforce your knowledge through active recall and application. Use it as a checklist to track your progress and identify areas that need more practice.
准备OCR科学期末考试需要一种结构化的方法，涵盖生物学、化学、物理学和实验技能的核心概念。这份复习提纲帮助你聚焦最重要的主题，理解常见题型，并通过主动回忆和应用来巩固知识。把它当作一个检查清单，追踪你的进度，找出需要更多练习的部分。
1. Review Strategy and Planning | 复习策略与规划
Begin by mapping out all the topics you need to revise and create a realistic timetable that breaks down each subject into manageable chunks. Prioritise areas where you feel least confident and intersperse active revision methods such as flashcards, mind maps and past paper questions.
首先列出你需要复习的所有主题，制定一个切实可行的时间表，把每个学科分解成易于管理的部分。优先复习你最不自信的领域，并穿插使用闪卡、思维导图和历年真题等主动复习方法。
Use the OCR specification as your guide — it tells you exactly what can be assessed. Check off each learning objective as you master it, and always follow up theory review with exam‑style questions to test your understanding under timed conditions.
以OCR考试大纲为指南——它明确指出了可能考查的内容。每掌握一个学习目标就打个勾，并始终在理论复习后限时练习考试型题目，以检验你的理解。
2. Cell Biology and Microscopy | 细胞生物学与显微镜
Recall that eukaryotic cells (plant and animal) contain a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes, while prokaryotic cells (bacteria) lack a true nucleus and have free circular DNA. Plant cells also have a permanent vacuole, cell wall and chloroplasts.
记住，真核细胞（植物和动物）含有细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜、线粒体和核糖体，而原核细胞（细菌）没有真正的细胞核，具有游离的环状DNA。植物细胞还具有永久液泡、细胞壁和叶绿体。
Be able to calculate magnification using the formula:
能够使用公式计算放大倍数：
magnification = image size ÷ actual size
Understand how to use a light microscope, prepare a slide and draw observations with clear labels. Electron microscopes offer much higher resolution and magnification, enabling us to see subcellular structures.
理解如何使用光学显微镜、制作装片并清晰标注绘图。电子显微镜提供高得多的分辨率和放大倍率，使我们能看到亚细胞结构。
3. Organisation and Systems | 组织与系统
Explain how cells of similar function group into tissues, organs and organ systems. In the human digestive system, enzymes such as amylase, protease and lipase break down large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble ones that can be absorbed in the small intestine.
解释功能相似的细胞如何组合成组织、器官和器官系统。在人体消化系统中，淀粉酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶等酶将大分子不溶性物质分解成可被小肠吸收的小分子可溶性物质。
Lock‑and‑key model tells us that each enzyme’s active site is specific to a substrate. Factors like temperature and pH affect enzyme activity; denaturation occurs when the active site shape is permanently changed.
锁钥模型告诉我们，每种酶的活性位点对特定的底物具有专一性。温度和pH等因素会影响酶活性；当活性位点形状发生永久性改变时，酶就会变性。
In the circulatory system, label the heart chambers, valves and blood vessels. Know that arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins return it, and capillaries allow exchange of substances. The blood components — red cells, white cells, platelets and plasma — each have distinct roles.
在循环系统中，标出心腔、瓣膜和血管。知道动脉将血液带离心脏，静脉将其送回，毛细血管进行物质交换。血液成分——红细胞、白细胞、血小板和血浆——各有独特作用。
4. Infection and Response | 感染与免疫反应
Distinguish between communicable diseases caused by pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists) and non‑communicable diseases. Describe the body’s first lines of defence: skin, mucus, cilia and stomach acid.
区分由病原体（病毒、细菌、真菌、原生生物）引起的传染病和非传染病。描述身体的第一道防线：皮肤、粘液、纤毛和胃酸。
The immune system uses white blood cells to engulf pathogens, produce antitoxins and manufacture specific antibodies. Vaccination introduces a harmless form of a pathogen to stimulate antibody production, creating memory cells for long‑term immunity.
免疫系统利用白细胞吞噬病原体、产生抗毒素并制造特异性抗体。疫苗接种引入无害形式的病原体以刺激抗体生成，产生记忆细胞从而实现长期免疫。
Explain how antibiotics work against bacterial infections but are ineffective against viruses. Evaluate the development of antibiotic resistance and the importance of completing prescribed courses.
解释抗生素如何对抗细菌感染但对病毒无效。评估抗生素耐药性的发展以及完成处方疗程的重要性。
5. Bioenergetics and Respiration | 生物能量学与呼吸
Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and can be summarised by the word equation:
光合作用发生在叶绿体中，可用文字方程式概括：
carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
Know the balanced symbol equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂, and describe how light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature limit the rate.
知道配平的符号方程式：6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂，并描述光照强度、二氧化碳浓度和温度如何限制光合作用速率。
Aerobic respiration releases energy for cellular processes and produces carbon dioxide and water. Its summary equation is the reverse of photosynthesis: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water. Anaerobic respiration in animals produces lactic acid; in yeast and plants, ethanol and carbon dioxide are formed.
有氧呼吸释放能量供细胞过程使用，并产生二氧化碳和水。其总方程式是光合作用的逆反应：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水。动物的无氧呼吸产生乳酸；在酵母和植物中，则生成乙醇和二氧化碳。
6. Atomic Structure and Periodic Table | 原子结构与元素周期表
An atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in shells. The number of protons determines the element, and the sum of protons and neutrons gives the mass number. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
原子由含有质子和中子的原子核以及核外分层排布的电子组成。质子数决定了元素种类，质子数和中子数之和为质量数。同位素是质子数相同而中子数不同的同种元素原子。
Elements are arranged in the Periodic Table by increasing atomic number. Groups run vertically and share similar chemical properties due to the same number of outer electrons. Periods across the table show a repeating pattern of properties.
元素按原子序数递增排布在周期表中。族是垂直列，因最外层电子数相同而具有相似的化学性质。周期表中的横行则呈现出周期性的规律变化。
Learn the electronic configurations for the first 20 elements (e.g. sodium: 2,8,1) and be able to deduce an element’s group from its outer shell electrons. The development of the Periodic Table through Mendeleev and later discoveries is a common assessment point.
掌握前20号元素的电子排布（如钠：2,8,1），并能根据最外层电子推断元素所在的族。从门捷列夫到后来的发现，周期表的发展历程是常见的考查点。
7. Bonding, Structure and Properties | 化学键、结构与性质
Ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non‑metal, forming oppositely charged ions that attract in a giant ionic lattice. Describe the high melting and boiling points of ionic compounds and their ability to conduct electricity when molten or dissolved.
离子键涉及电子从金属向非金属的转移，形成带相反电荷的离子，并在巨大的离子晶格中相互吸引。描述离子化合物的高熔点、高沸点以及在熔融或溶解状态下的导电能力。
Covalent bonding is the sharing of electron pairs between non‑metal atoms. Simple molecules like H₂O, CO₂ and NH₃ have low melting points and do not conduct electricity. Giant covalent structures such as diamond, graphite and silicon dioxide are strong, with very high melting points.
共价键是非金属原子之间通过共用电子对形成的。像 H₂O、CO₂ 和 NH₃ 这样的简单分子熔点较低且不导电。金刚石、石墨和二氧化硅等巨型共价结构坚硬且熔点极高。
Metallic bonding explains the properties of metals: a sea of delocalised electrons holds positive metal ions together, allowing metals to conduct heat and electricity and be malleable. Alloys are mixtures of metals that have different properties because the layers of atoms are disrupted.
金属键解释金属的性质：离域电子形成的“海洋”将带正电的金属离子结合在一起，使金属能够导电导热并具有延展性。合金是金属的混合物，由于原子层被扰乱而显示出不同的性质。
8. Chemical Reactions and Equations | 化学反应与方程式
Be able to write word equations and balanced symbol equations for common reactions, including neutralisation, combustion, thermal decomposition and displacement. State symbols (s), (l), (g), (aq) must be used correctly.
能够书写常见反应的文字方程式和配平的符号方程式，包括中和、燃烧、热分解和置换反应。必须正确使用状态符号 (s)、(l)、(g)、(aq)。
Reactivity of metals can be compared using displacement reactions and by reaction with water or acid. Memorise the reactivity series and recognise that carbon can be used to extract metals below it from their oxides. Reduction is the loss of oxygen, while oxidation is the gain of oxygen.
金属的活泼性可以通过置换反应以及与水和酸的反应来比较。熟记金属活动性顺序，并认识到碳可将排在其后的金属从氧化物中还原出来。还原指失去氧，氧化指得到氧。
Exothermic reactions transfer energy to the surroundings (e.g. combustion, neutralisation), causing a temperature increase. Endothermic reactions absorb energy (e.g. thermal decomposition), causing a temperature drop. Use reaction profile diagrams to show energy changes and activation energy.
放热反应向环境释放能量（如燃烧、中和），导致温度升高。吸热反应吸收能量（如热分解），导致温度下降。使用反应进程图表示能量变化和活化能。
9. Energy Changes in Chemistry | 化学中的能量变化
During a chemical reaction, energy is needed to break bonds in reactants, and energy is released when new bonds form in products. The overall energy change is the difference between these two values. In an exothermic reaction, more energy is released than absorbed; the opposite is true for endothermic processes.
化学反应过程中，打破反应物中的化学键需要能量，而产物中新键形成时释放能量。总能量变化即为这两者的差值。在放热反应中，释放的能量大于吸收的能量；吸热过程则相反。
Simple calorimetry experiments can measure the energy released by burning fuels or by neutralisation. Use the equation:
简单的量热实验可以测量燃料燃烧或中和反应释放的能量。使用以下公式：
Q = m × c × ΔT
where Q = heat energy (J), m = mass of water (g), c = specific heat capacity of water (4.2 J/g°C) and ΔT = temperature change (°C). Calculate the energy per mole or per gram from your results.
其中 Q = 热能（J），m = 水的质量（g），c = 水的比热容（4.2 J/g°C），ΔT = 温度变化（°C）。根据实验结果计算每摩尔或每克的能量。
10. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Speed and velocity can be calculated from distance–time graphs; the gradient of a straight line represents speed. Acceleration is found from the gradient of a velocity–time graph, and the area under the line gives distance travelled.
速度和速率可以从距离-时间图中计算；直线的斜率代表速度。加速度则由速度-时间图的斜率得出，线下面积表示行驶的距离。
Newton’s laws of motion: an object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a resultant force (F = m × a). When two objects interact, forces are equal in size and opposite in direction.
牛顿运动定律：除非受到合外力的作用，否则物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动（F = m × a）。两个物体相互作用时，作用力与反作用力大小相等、方向相反。
Analyse momentum as the product of mass and velocity: p = m × v. In a closed system, total momentum before an event equals total momentum after. Use this to explain collision and explosion scenarios.
动量分析为质量与速度的乘积：p = m × v。在封闭系统中，事件前的总动量等于事件后的总动量。运用这一定律解释碰撞和爆炸场景。
11. Waves and Electromagnetic Spectrum | 波与电磁波谱
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. Transverse waves (e.g. light, electromagnetic waves) oscillate perpendicular to energy transfer; longitudinal waves (e.g. sound) oscillate parallel. Know how to measure amplitude, wavelength and frequency from a wave diagram.
波传递能量而不传递物质。横波（如光、电磁波）的振动方向与能量传递方向垂直；纵波（如声音）的振动方向与能量传递方向平行。学会从波形图上测量振幅、波长和频率。
The electromagnetic spectrum is a continuous range of transverse waves ordered by decreasing wavelength: radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X‑rays and gamma rays. All travel at the same speed in a vacuum (3.0 × 10⁸ m/s) and share properties like reflection and refraction.
电磁波谱是按波长递减排列的连续横波系列：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X射线和伽马射线。所有电磁波在真空中的传播速度相同（3.0×10⁸ m/s），并具有反射和折射等共同性质。
Link uses of each EM wave to their properties: radio waves for communication, microwaves for cooking and satellite transmission, infrared for thermal imaging, ultraviolet for sterilisation, X‑rays for medical imaging and gamma rays for cancer treatment.
将每种电磁波的用途与其性质联系起来：无线电波用于通信，微波用于烹饪和卫星传输，红外线用于热成像，紫外线用于灭菌，X射线用于医学成像，伽马射线用于癌症治疗。
12. Electricity and Circuits | 电与电路
Define current as the rate of flow of charge (I = Q ÷ t) and potential difference as the energy transferred per unit charge (V = E ÷ Q). Resistors obey Ohm’s law under constant physical conditions, where V = I × R.
定义电流为电荷流动的速率（I = Q ÷ t），电位差为单位电荷转移的能量（V = E ÷ Q）。在物理条件不变的情况下，电阻器遵循欧姆定律：V = I × R。
In series circuits, current is the same everywhere while potential difference is shared. In parallel circuits, current splits while potential difference across each branch is equal. Be able to calculate total resistance: in series, R_total = R₁ + R₂; in parallel, the reciprocal formula applies.
在串联电路中，电流处处相等，而电位差则被分配。在并联电路中，电流分流，而各支路两端的电位差相等。能够计算总电阻：串联时 R_total = R₁ + R₂；并联时使用倒数公式。
Electrical power can be calculated using P = I × V or P = I²R. Energy transferred is given by E = P × t. Know how to interpret circuit diagrams, use ammeters in series and voltmeters in parallel, and explain the role of fuses and earth wires in electrical safety.
电功率可使用 P = I × V 或 P = I²R 计算。传递的能量 E = P × t。学会解读电路图，将电流表串联、电压表并联，并解释保险丝和地线在用电安全中的作用。
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