AS Physics: Last-Minute Revision Notes | AS 物理：考前冲刺笔记

📚 AS Physics: Last-Minute Revision Notes | AS 物理：考前冲刺笔记

Welcome to your ultimate last-minute revision guide for AS Physics. This article summarises the key concepts, equations, and practical insights you need to ace your exam. Use these notes to refresh your memory on crucial topics ranging from mechanics to waves, electricity, and modern physics.

欢迎使用这份 AS 物理终极考前冲刺笔记。本文总结了您需要掌握的核心概念、关键方程和实验要点，助您从容应对考试。从力学到波动、电学再到近代物理，请用这些笔记来快速回顾重点内容。

1. Kinematics | 运动学

Kinematics describes motion using displacement, velocity, and acceleration. The four SUVAT equations are vital for solving uniform acceleration problems. Remember to define a positive direction before tackling problems.

运动学用位移、速度和加速度来描述运动。四个 SUVAT 方程是解决匀加速问题的关键。解题前务必规定正方向。

v = u + a t

s = u t + ½ a t²

s = ½ (u + v) t

v² = u² + 2 a s

Displacement (s), initial velocity (u), final velocity (v), acceleration (a), and time (t). For vertical motion under gravity, a = g = 9.81 m s⁻² downwards; often g is taken as 9.8 m s⁻². In velocity–time graphs, the gradient gives acceleration and the area under the graph gives displacement.

位移 (s)、初速度 (u)、末速度 (v)、加速度 (a) 和时间 (t)。在重力作用下的竖直运动中，加速度 a = g = 9.81 m s⁻² 方向向下；常取 g = 9.8 m s⁻²。在速度-时间图中，斜率表示加速度，图线下方面积表示位移。

Projectile motion: treat horizontal and vertical motions independently. Horizontal velocity is constant; vertical motion uses SUVAT with a = g.

抛体运动：水平与竖直运动独立处理。水平速度恒定；竖直运动使用含 a = g 的 SUVAT 方程。

2. Dynamics and Forces | 动力学与力

Newton’s laws are the foundation. Newton I: an object stays at rest or moves with constant velocity unless a resultant force acts. Newton II: F = m a. Newton III: action and reaction are equal and opposite but act on different bodies.

牛顿定律是基础。牛顿第一定律：无合外力时物体保持静止或匀速直线运动。牛顿第二定律：F = m a。牛顿第三定律：作用力与反作用力大小相等、方向相反，但作用于不同物体。

Free-body diagrams help isolate forces. Common forces: weight (W = m g), normal reaction, tension, friction. Friction can be static or dynamic; dynamic friction is often modelled as F_f = μ R, where μ is coefficient of friction and R is normal reaction.

受力图有助于隔离分析各力。常见力：重力 (W = m g)、支持力、张力、摩擦力。摩擦力分静摩擦和动摩擦；动摩擦常建模为 F_f = μ R，其中 μ 为摩擦系数，R 为正压力。

Equilibrium requires resultant force = 0 and total moment = 0. Moment = F × d, where d is perpendicular distance from pivot. Centre of gravity is the point where the entire weight appears to act.

平衡条件为合外力为零且合力矩为零。力矩 = 力 × 力臂 (d 为转轴到力作用线的垂直距离)。重心是物体全部重量看似集中的点。

F = m a

W = m g

Moment = F × d

3. Work, Energy and Power | 功、能与功率

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