📚 Experimental Operations in Activate Chemistry Student Book | Activate化学学生用书实验操作
The Activate Chemistry Student Book introduces essential practical skills through a range of hands-on experiments. Mastering these operations – from using a Bunsen burner safely to separating mixtures and testing gases – builds confidence in the laboratory and lays the foundation for later study.
《Activate化学学生用书》通过一系列动手实验来介绍基本的实验技能。掌握这些操作——从安全使用本生灯到分离混合物和检验气体——不仅能建立实验室中的信心，也为后续的学习打下基础。
1. Laboratory Safety | 实验室安全
Always wear safety goggles and a lab coat to protect your eyes and clothing from chemical splashes. Tie back long hair and avoid dangling jewellery.
始终佩戴护目镜和实验服，以保护眼睛和衣物免受化学液体飞溅。将长发束起，避免佩戴悬垂的首饰。
Know the location of the fire extinguisher, fire blanket, and emergency shower. Report all accidents to your teacher immediately, even minor spills.
了解灭火器、灭火毯和紧急喷淋的位置。即使只是轻微泄漏，也要立即向老师报告所有事故。
Never taste laboratory chemicals, and when smelling a substance, use a wafting motion to direct the vapour towards your nose rather than inhaling it directly.
切勿品尝实验室化学品。闻物质的气味时，应用扇动的手势将蒸气引向鼻子，而不要直接吸气。
2. Using a Bunsen Burner | 本生灯的使用
Connect the burner to the gas tap with a rubber tube and ensure the air hole is closed. Light a splint first, then turn on the gas, and bring the splint to the top of the chimney.
用橡胶管将本生灯连接到煤气龙头上，并确保气孔关闭。先点燃一根引火棒，然后打开煤气，将引火棒靠近烟囱顶部。
Adjust the air hole to obtain a blue, roaring flame for heating, or a yellow, safety flame when the burner is not in use. The hottest part of the flame is just above the inner blue cone.
调节气孔以获得用于加热的蓝色咆哮火焰，或在本生灯不用时使用黄色的安全火焰。火焰最热的部分恰好在内部蓝色锥体的上方。
Never leave a lit Bunsen burner unattended. Always turn it off by closing the gas tap when you have finished.
切勿让点燃的本生灯无人看管。完成实验后，务必关闭煤气龙头以熄灭火焰。
3. Measuring Mass and Volume | 质量与体积的测量
Use a top-pan balance to measure the mass of solids or liquids in a beaker. Remember to tare the balance with the empty container before adding the substance.
使用托盘天平测量烧杯中固体或液体的质量。记得在添加物质之前，先用空容器进行去皮操作。
Read the volume of a liquid by placing the measuring cylinder on a flat surface and reading the bottom of the meniscus at eye level. For water, the meniscus curves downwards.
读取液体体积时，将量筒放在平坦的表面上，在眼睛水平高度读取弯月面的底部。对于水来说，弯月面是向下弯曲的。
When using a pipette, draw the liquid up to just above the mark, then allow it to drain until the bottom of the meniscus rests exactly on the graduation.
使用移液管时，将液体吸至略高于刻度线，然后让其流出直至弯月面的底部恰好与刻度线平齐。
4. Heating Substances | 加热物质
Use a test tube holder to grasp a test tube when heating it over a Bunsen flame. Point the mouth of the test tube away from yourself and others.
在本生灯火焰上加热试管时，使用试管夹夹持试管。将试管口背离自己和他人。
Move the test tube gently through the flame to distribute heat evenly and prevent bumping. For flammable liquids, never heat with an open flame; use a water bath instead.
轻轻来回移动试管，使热量均匀分布，防止暴沸。对于易燃液体，切勿用明火加热；应使用水浴。
When heating a solid, place a small amount in a boiling tube and hold it nearly horizontally, heating the solid from above to start.
加热固体时，将少量固体放入大口试管中，并近乎水平地持握，从上方开始加热固体。
5. Filtration and Evaporation | 过滤与蒸发
To separate an insoluble solid from a liquid, fold filter paper to fit a funnel, place it in a conical flask, and pour the mixture into the filter. The solid remains on the paper as residue, and the clear liquid passes through as filtrate.
为了从液体中分离出不溶固体，将滤纸折叠以贴合漏斗，放入锥形瓶中，然后将混合物倒入过滤器。固体作为残渣留在纸上，澄清的液体作为滤液通过。
To recover a soluble salt from solution, pour the filtrate into an evaporating basin and heat gently over a water bath or a low Bunsen flame. As water evaporates, crystals begin to form; stop heating before all liquid disappears to obtain the best crystals.
要从溶液中回收可溶性盐，将滤液倒入蒸发皿中，在水浴或微小的本生灯火焰上缓缓加热。随着水蒸发，晶体开始形成；在全部液体消失前停止加热，以获得最佳晶体。
This technique is often used to separate sand from salt: first dissolve the mixture in water, filter out the sand, then evaporate the filtrate to obtain salt crystals.
此技术常用于分离沙子和盐：先将混合物溶解在水中，滤去沙子，然后蒸发滤液以得到盐晶体。
6. Distillation | 蒸馏
Simple distillation is used to separate a solvent from a solution. The mixture is heated in a round-bottom flask, and the vapour travels up the condenser where cold water circulates around the inner tube, turning the vapour back into liquid.
简单蒸馏用于从溶液中分离溶剂。混合物在圆底烧瓶中加热，蒸气上升到冷凝管，冷凝管中冷水在管外循环，使蒸气变回液体。
Ensure that the thermometer bulb is placed at the side arm of the adapter to measure the temperature of the vapour entering the condenser. The distillate is collected in a receiving flask.
确保温度计的感温泡放在蒸馏头的侧管处，以测量进入冷凝器的蒸气温度。馏出物收集在接收瓶中。
Anti-bumping granules are added to the flask to prevent sudden, violent boiling. Never distil to dryness.
在烧瓶中加入防暴沸颗粒，以防止突然剧烈沸腾。切勿蒸干。
7. Chromatography | 色谱法
Draw a pencil line about 2 cm from the bottom of a chromatography paper sheet. Place a small spot of ink or food colouring on the line using a capillary tube.
在色谱纸下方约2厘米处画一条铅笔线。使用毛细管在线上点一小点墨水或食用色素。
Suspend the paper in a beaker so that the bottom dips into the solvent but the spot remains above the solvent level. Cover the beaker to keep the atmosphere saturated with solvent vapour.
将纸悬挂在烧杯中，使底部浸入溶剂，但点样处保持在溶剂液面之上。盖住烧杯，使气氛充满溶剂蒸气。
Allow the solvent to rise until it is about 1 cm from the top, then remove the paper and mark the solvent front with a pencil. The different dyes separate into distinct spots.
让溶剂上升直至距离顶端约1厘米处，取出纸并用铅笔标记溶剂前沿。不同的染料分离成清晰的斑点。
8. Testing for Gases | 气体的检验
To test for hydrogen, hold a lit splint at the mouth of a test tube containing the gas. A squeaky pop sound confirms the presence of hydrogen.
检验氢气时，将一根燃烧的木条放在装有气体的试管口处。发出爆鸣声则证实氢气的存在。
For oxygen, place a glowing splint into the gas sample. If the splint relights, oxygen is present.
对于氧气，将一根带火星的木条放入气体样品中。若木条重新燃烧，则存在氧气。
Bubble carbon dioxide into limewater (calcium hydroxide solution). The limewater turns milky or cloudy due to the formation of insoluble calcium carbonate.
Ca(OH)₂(aq) + CO₂(g) → CaCO₃(s) + H₂O(l)
将二氧化碳通入石灰水（氢氧化钙溶液）。石灰水由于生成不溶的碳酸钙而变浑浊。
Chlorine gas bleaches damp blue litmus paper first to red and then white, indicating its acidic and bleaching properties.
氯气会使湿润的蓝色石蕊试纸先变红再变白，表明其酸性和漂白性质。
9. Investigating Acids and Alkalis | 酸与碱的研究
Place a few drops of a solution on red and blue litmus papers separately. Acids turn blue litmus red, while alkalis turn red litmus blue.
分别在红色和蓝色石蕊试纸上滴几滴溶液。酸使蓝色石蕊试纸变红，碱使红色石蕊试纸变蓝。
Universal indicator gives a range of colours across the pH scale. A solution with pH 1 appears red (strong acid), pH 7 green (neutral), and pH 14 violet (strong alkali).
通用指示剂在pH标度上呈现多种颜色。pH为1的溶液呈红色（强酸），pH为7呈绿色（中性），pH为14呈紫色（强碱）。
When testing with pH probe or meter, always rinse the probe with distilled water and blot it gently before each measurement to avoid cross-contamination.
使用pH探头或计进行测试时，每次测量前始终用蒸馏水冲洗探头并轻轻擦干，以避免交叉污染。
10. Reaction of Metals with Acids | 金属与酸的反应
Add a small piece of magnesium ribbon to dilute hydrochloric acid in a test tube. Effervescence occurs rapidly, and the test tube feels warm.
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl₂(aq) + H₂(g)
向装有稀盐酸的试管中加入一小段镁条。迅速产生气泡，试管感觉温热。
Repeat with zinc granules and iron filings. Zinc reacts steadily, while iron reacts slowly, especially if powdered iron is not used; this demonstrates the reactivity series.
用锌粒和铁屑重复实验。锌反应平稳，而铁反应缓慢，特别是在不使用铁粉的情况下；这体现了活动性顺序。
Collect the gas evolved: holding a test tube over the reaction quickly, then test with a lit splint for the squeaky pop of hydrogen.
收集放出的气体：迅速将另一支试管倒扣在反应处，然后用燃烧的木条检验氢气的爆鸣声。
11. Making a Salt | 制备盐
To make copper(II) sulfate crystals, add an excess of copper(II) oxide to warm sulfuric acid while stirring. The solid reacts until no more dissolves.
CuO(s) + H₂SO₄(aq) → CuSO₄(aq) + H₂O(l)
要制备硫酸铜晶体，在加热的稀硫酸中加入过量的氧化铜并不断搅拌。固体反应直到不再溶解为止。
Filter out the excess black oxide, then heat the blue filtrate gently to evaporate some water. Allow the solution to cool slowly; deep blue crystals of hydrated copper(II) sulfate will form.
滤去过量的黑色氧化物，然后缓缓加热蓝色滤液以蒸发掉部分水。让溶液慢慢冷却；将会形成深蓝色的水合硫酸铜晶体。
Dry the crystals by pressing them between filter paper. Do not heat the crystals strongly, as hydrated salts can lose water and crumble.
将晶体夹在滤纸之间压干。不要强烈加热晶体，因为水合盐会失去水分而碎裂。
12. Rates of Reaction (Simple) | 反应速率（简单）
Mix sodium thiosulfate solution with dilute hydrochloric acid in a conical flask placed over a piece of paper marked with a cross. Time how long it takes for the cross to disappear due to the formation of a sulfur precipitate.
在锥形瓶中混合硫代硫酸钠溶液和稀盐酸，锥形瓶下放一张画有十字标记的纸。测量由于硫沉淀生成而使十字消失所需的时间。
Na₂S₂O₃(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + SO₂(g) + S(s) + H₂O(l)
A higher temperature or greater concentration of thiosulfate reduces the time for the cross to vanish, showing that reaction rate increases. Keep the total volume constant for fair testing.
更高的温度或更高浓度的硫代硫酸盐会缩短十字消失的时间，表明反应速率增加。保持总体积不变以进行公平测试。
For a different system, add magnesium ribbon to acid at different temperatures and measure the volume of hydrogen collected over time in a gas syringe, plotting a graph of volume versus time.
在另一个体系中，将镁条加到不同温度的酸中，用气体注射器测量随时间收集的氢气体积，并绘制体积-时间图。
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