GCSE Biology: End-of-Term Revision Guide | GCSE 生物：期末复习提纲

📚 GCSE Biology: End-of-Term Revision Guide | GCSE 生物：期末复习提纲

This comprehensive revision guide summarises the key topics covered in GCSE Biology, helping you consolidate your knowledge and identify areas for further study. Whether you are preparing for end-of-term exams or building a solid foundation, use this outline to check your understanding of essential concepts, from cell structure to ecology.

这份详尽的复习提纲汇总了 GCSE 生物学的核心主题，帮助你巩固知识并发现需要加强的部分。无论你是在准备期末考试还是夯实基础，都可以借助这份提纲检验自己对细胞结构到生态学等重要概念的理解。

1. Cell Biology and Microscopy | 细胞生物学与显微镜

All organisms are composed of cells, the fundamental units of life. Cells can be prokaryotic (e.g., bacteria) lacking a true nucleus, or eukaryotic (e.g., plants, animals, fungi) possessing a membrane-bound nucleus that encloses genetic material.

所有生物都由细胞组成，细胞是生命的基本单位。细胞可分为原核细胞（如细菌），没有真正的细胞核；或真核细胞（如植物、动物、真菌），具有由膜包裹的细胞核，内含遗传物质。

Animal and plant cells share common organelles: a nucleus that controls activities, mitochondria where aerobic respiration occurs, ribosomes for protein synthesis, and cytoplasm as the site of chemical reactions. Plant cells additionally have a rigid cellulose cell wall, a large permanent vacuole, and chloroplasts containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

动物细胞和植物细胞有一些共同的细胞器：控制活动的细胞核、进行有氧呼吸的线粒体、合成蛋白质的核糖体，以及化学反应发生的细胞质。植物细胞另外还有坚硬的纤维素细胞壁、一个大液泡和含叶绿素进行光合作用的叶绿体。