📚 IB WJEC English: Formula Summary Handbook | IB WJEC 英语：公式汇总手册
In English studies, formulas are not rigid rules but powerful frameworks that bring clarity and confidence to your writing and analysis. This handbook compiles essential ‘formulas’ used in IB English (both Language & Literature and Literature) and aligns with WJEC assessment objectives. From crafting a thesis to analysing unseen poetry, these structures will help you organise ideas, support arguments with evidence, and respond to texts with precision. Whether you are tackling Paper 1 commentary, a comparative essay, or any oral task, mastering these formulas will transform how you approach the subject.
在英语学习中，公式不是僵化的规则，而是为写作和分析带来清晰度和信心的强大框架。本手册汇集了 IB 英语（包括语言与文学及纯文学）中使用的核心“公式”，并与 WJEC 评估目标保持一致。从构建论文陈述到分析未见诗歌，这些结构将帮助你组织想法、用证据支撑论点，并以精确的方式回应文本。无论你面对试卷一的评论、比较论文还是任何口头任务，掌握这些公式都将改变你对待该学科的方式。
1. Understanding English Formulas | 理解英语公式
Formulas in English are cognitive scaffolds – they provide a repeatable pattern for structuring paragraphs, essays, and analyses. Just as a mathematician follows an equation, you can follow a rhetorical or organisational formula to ensure your writing meets the requirements of a high-level response. Crucially, these formulas should be internalised and then adapted, not followed mechanically. IB examiners and WJEC markers look for personal, critical engagement, but a solid structure helps that voice emerge clearly.
英语中的公式是认知支架——它们为组织段落、论文和分析提供了可重复的模式。正如数学家遵循方程式，你可以遵循修辞或组织公式，以确保你的写作符合高水平回应的要求。关键是将这些公式内化并加以调整，而不是机械套用。IB 考官和 WJEC 评卷员寻找个人的、批判性的参与，但坚固的结构有助于清晰展现这些声音。
2. The PEEL Paragraph Formula | PEEL 段落公式
The PEEL formula is the cornerstone of analytical writing: Point, Evidence, Explanation, and Link. It ensures each body paragraph is focused, supported, and connected back to the thesis. Here is how each element works.
PEEL 公式是分析性写作的基石：观点（Point）、证据（Evidence）、解释（Explanation）和联系（Link）。它确保每个主体段落都集中、有支撑并与论文陈述相呼应。以下是每个要素的运作方式。
Point: Start with a clear topic sentence that states the main idea of the paragraph. This should directly answer the question or develop your argument. Avoid merely describing what happens; instead offer a judgement. For example, in an essay on The Great Gatsby: “Fitzgerald initially presents the American Dream as a tantalising ideal through Gatsby’s endless optimism.”
观点：以清晰的主题句开头，陈述段落的主要观点。这应直接回答问题或展开你的论点。避免单纯描述情节；要提出判断。例如，在关于《了不起的盖茨比》的论文中：“菲茨杰拉德最初通过盖茨比无尽的乐观，将美国梦呈现为一个诱人的理想。”
Evidence: Provide a carefully selected quotation or close reference to the text that supports your Point. Always embed it smoothly. For instance: “Gatsby ‘believed in the green light, the orgastic future that year by year recedes before us’ (Fitzgerald, Chapter 9).”
证据：提供一个精心挑选的引文或对文本的紧密参考来支持你的观点。始终将其流畅地嵌入。例如：“盖茨比‘相信那盏绿灯，相信那个逐年离我们远去的美好未来’（菲茨杰拉德，第九章）。”
Explanation: Unpack the evidence by analysing the writer’s choices. What connotations arise from the imagery? How does the language create meaning? For the Gatsby quotation, discuss: The “green light” symbolises an elusive goal, while “orgastic future” combines desire and an unattainable climax, revealing the Dream’s inherent paradox.
解释：通过分析作者的选择来阐释证据。意象引发了哪些联想？语言如何创造意义？对于盖茨比的引文，可以讨论：“绿灯”象征着难以企及的目标，而“美好未来”结合了欲望与无法抵达的高潮，揭示了美国梦内在的悖论。
Link: Tie the paragraph back to the thesis or forward to the next point. This makes your argument cohesive. Example: “Thus, even at his most hopeful, Gatsby is trapped by an illusion, a pattern that deepens as Fitzgerald dismantles the Dream throughout the novel.”
联系：将该段落与论文陈述或下一个观点联系起来。这使你的论证连贯。例如：“因此，即使在最充满希望的时刻，盖茨比也被幻觉所困，这一模式随着菲茨杰拉德在整部小说中拆解美国梦而不断加深。”
3. TEAL Structure for Literary Analysis | 文学分析 TEAL 结构
TEAL is a variant that emphasises critical analysis: Topic sentence, Evidence, Analysis, and Link. It is particularly useful for IB English Literature and WJEC unseen analysis because it pushes you to move beyond description into layered interpretation. While similar to PEEL, the ‘Analysis’ component demands a deeper exploration of the author’s methods and effects.
TEAL 是一种强调批判性分析的变体：主题句（Topic sentence）、证据（Evidence）、分析（Analysis）和联系（Link）。它对 IB 英语文学和 WJEC 未见文本分析特别有用，因为它促使你超越描述，进入多层次的解读。虽然与 PEEL 类似，但“分析”部分要求对作者的手法及其效果进行更深入的探究。
Topic sentence: State the literary element you will explore (e.g., symbolism, narrative voice). Example: “Fitzgerald employs the motif of weather to mirror the emotional landscape of his characters.”
主题句：陈述你将探讨的文学元素（如象征主义、叙事声音）。示例：“菲茨杰拉德运用天气母题来映照人物的情感世界。”
Evidence: Provide precise textual support. “When Gatsby reunites with Daisy, ‘the day agreed upon was pouring rain’ (Chapter 5).”
证据：提供准确的文本证据。“当盖茨比与黛西重聚时，‘约定的那天正下着倾盆大雨’（第五章）。”
Analysis: Break down how the device works. The rain initially signals awkwardness and tension; as their relationship rekindles, the weather clears, symbolising renewed hope. However, the eventual chill hints at the tragedy to come. Connect to context: the 1920s post-war disillusionment.
分析：解析该手法如何运作。雨的意象最初表示尴尬与紧张；随着他们关系复燃，天气转晴，象征着希望的复苏。然而，最终的寒意暗示即将到来的悲剧。联系语境：20 世纪 20 年代战后的幻灭感。
Link: Conclude the paragraph’s insight and relate it to the writer’s broader purpose: “Through this meteorological symbolism, Fitzgerald exposes the fragility of human connections in a morally fractured society.” This formula trains you to show, not just tell.
联系：总结段落的见解，并将其与作者的更宏阔意图联系起来：“通过这种气象象征，菲茨杰拉德揭露了道德断裂的社会中人际关系的脆弱性。”这一公式训练你展示而非单纯告知。
4. SOAPSTone Rhetorical Analysis Formula | SOAPSTone 修辞分析公式
SOAPSTone is a powerful formula for analysing non-fiction and rhetorical texts, fitting IB Language and Literature Paper 1 as well as WJEC transactional writing tasks. It breaks down the rhetorical situation into six components: Speaker, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, Subject, and Tone. Applying SOAPSTone ensures your analysis is context-rich and targeted.
SOAPSTone 是分析非虚构和修辞文本的强大公式，适用于 IB 语言与文学试卷一以及 WJEC 事务性写作任务。它将修辞情境分解为六个组成部分：说话者（Speaker）、场合（Occasion）、受众（Audience）、目的（Purpose）、主题（Subject）和语气（Tone）。运用 SOAPSTone 能确保你的分析富有语境且针对性强。
| Speaker | Who is the voice behind the text? Consider persona, background, and credibility. |
| Occasion | What prompted the text? Identify the time, place, and immediate cause. |
| Audience | Who is the intended reader or listener? Analyse their values and expectations. |
| Purpose | What does the speaker want to achieve? Persuade, inform, entertain, or a mix? |
| Subject | What is the general topic? State it succinctly. |
| Tone | What is the attitude of the speaker? Use precise adjectives (e.g., ironic, indignant). |
| 说话者 | 文本背后的声音是谁？考虑人物角色、背景和可信度。 |
| 场合 | 是什么促使了文本的产生？确定时间、地点和直接原因。 |
| 受众 | 谁是预期的读者或听者？分析他们的价值观和期待。 |
| 目的 | 说话者想要达到什么效果？说服、告知、娱乐，还是混合？ |
| 主题 | 总话题是什么？简洁表述。 |
| 语气 | 说话者的态度如何？使用精准的形容词（如讽刺的、愤慨的）。 |
Apply SOAPSTone before you write: jot down notes under each heading. This prevents superficial commentary and helps you connect the rhetorical moves to the author’s intent. For a speech by Greta Thunberg, for example, Speaker=young activist; Occasion=UN Climate Summit; Audience=world leaders; Purpose=to shame and galvanise; Subject=climate inaction; Tone=urgent, accusatory.
在写作前使用 SOAPSTone：在每个标题下简要记录。这能防止浮于表面的评论，并助你将修辞策略与作者意图联系起来。例如，对 Greta Thunberg 的演讲，说话者=年轻的活动家；场合=联合国气候峰会；受众=世界领导人；目的=使其羞愧并动员；主题=气候不作为；语气=急迫、谴责。
5. TPCASTT Poetry Analysis Formula | TPCASTT 诗歌分析公式
TPCASTT is a step-by-step method for unpacking a poem’s meaning, ideal for IB Paper 1 unseen poetry and WJEC poetry comparison. Each letter represents a stage: Title, Paraphrase, Connotation, Attitude/Tone, Shifts, Title (again), and Theme. This formula ensures you consider both surface and deeper meanings before rushing to a theme.
TPCASTT 是一种逐步解析诗歌含义的方法，非常适合 IB 试卷一未见诗歌以及 WJEC 诗歌比较。每个字母代表一个阶段：标题（Title）、意译（Paraphrase）、内涵（Connotation）、态度/语气（Attitude/Tone）、转换（Shifts）、再次审视标题（Title again）和主题（Theme）。该公式确保你在仓促得出主题之前，兼顾表面和深层意义。
Title: Examine the title before reading. Make a prediction about the poem’s subject. For Robert Frost’s “The Road Not Taken”, the title suggests choice and divergence.
标题：阅读前先审视标题。预测诗歌的可能主题。对于 Robert Frost 的《未选择的路》，标题暗示选择与分歧。
Paraphrase: Restate the poem in your own words, sentence by sentence. The speaker comes to a fork in a yellow wood and, after deliberation, chooses the path “less traveled by”.
意译：用自己的话逐句重述诗歌。说话者来到黄树林中的岔路口，经过一番犹豫后，选择了那条“足迹更少”的路。
Connotation: Analyse figurative language, imagery, and sound devices. “Yellow wood” connotes autumn, decay, and transition. The “sigh” later hints at possible regret. Alliteration in “wanted wear” draws attention to the illusion of difference between the paths.
内涵：分析比喻语言、意象和声音手法。“黄树林”暗示秋天、衰败与转变。后来的“叹息”预示着可能的悔恨。“wanted wear”中的头韵突出两条路之间差异的幻觉。
Attitude/Tone: Identify the speaker’s tone—initially reflective and thoughtful, shifting to a wistful, almost self-deceiving tone when describing the choice.
态度/语气：识别说话者的语气——起初是沉思的、深思熟虑的，在描述选择时转为渴望的、近乎自欺的语气。
Shifts: Note changes in speaker, setting, or mood. The shift occurs in the final stanza where the speaker projects into the future: “I shall be telling this with a sigh”.
转换：注意说话者、场景或情绪的变化。转换发生在最后一节，说话者展望未来：“我将在多年后轻声叹息把这事讲述”。
Title revisited: Now reconsider the title. “The Road Not Taken” becomes ironic; the speaker obsesses over the path he didn’t choose, yet he claims his choice “has made all the difference”.
再次审视标题：现在重新审视标题。《未选择的路》变得具有讽刺意味；说话者执着于他未选择的路，却又声称他的选择“决定了我一生的道路”。
Theme: Synthesise the analysis into a universal statement: The poem explores how humans construct narratives of individuality to impose meaning on arbitrary decisions. Always ground the theme in the poem’s techniques.
主题：将分析综合为普遍性陈述：该诗探讨人类如何构建关于个性的叙事，以赋予任意的决策以意义。始终将主题建立在诗歌技巧之上。
6. Argumentative Essay Formula: The Toulmin Model | 议论文公式：图尔敏模型
For IB extended essays, oral presentations, or WJEC persuasive writing, the Toulmin model provides a logical structure that goes beyond simple for/against lists. It consists of six elements: Claim, Grounds, Warrant, Backing, Qualifier, and Rebuttal. This formula is especially valuable when you need to present a balanced, nuanced argument.
对于 IB 拓展论文、口头陈述或 WJEC 说服性写作，图尔敏模型提供了一种超越简单正反列举的逻辑结构。它由六个要素组成：主张（Claim）、依据（Grounds）、理由（Warrant）、支援（Backing）、限定词（Qualifier）和反驳（Rebuttal）。当你需要呈现平衡、细致的论证时，这一公式尤为宝贵。
| Claim | Your thesis or main assertion: “School uniforms should be mandatory.” |
| Grounds | Evidence and facts: “Studies show uniforms reduce bullying by 15 %.” |
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