📚 GCSE CCEA Economics Formula Cheat Sheet | GCSE CCEA 经济：公式汇总手册
This comprehensive formula cheat sheet covers all the essential equations you need to master for the GCSE CCEA Economics examination. From elasticity and business costs to macroeconomic indicators, each formula is clearly stated, explained, and paired with a simple example where helpful. Use this as your quick revision guide to secure top marks in any calculation-based question.
这份全面的公式汇总手册涵盖了 GCSE CCEA 经济学考试需要掌握的所有核心公式。从弹性、企业成本到宏观经济指标，每个公式都清晰地列明、解释，并配有简单示例。用它作为你的快速复习指南，确保在计算题中稳拿高分。
1. Price Elasticity of Demand (PED) | 需求的价格弹性
PED measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price. The formula is: PED = (% Change in Quantity Demanded) / (% Change in Price)
需求的价格弹性衡量需求量对价格变化的反应程度。公式为：PED = (需求量变动的百分比) / (价格变动的百分比)
If PED > 1, demand is price elastic; if PED < 1, demand is price inelastic; if PED = 1, it is unit elastic. A negative sign indicates the inverse relationship, but we often ignore the sign.
若 PED 大于 1，需求富有价格弹性；若小于 1，需求缺乏价格弹性；若等于 1，则是单位弹性。负号表示反向关系，但我们通常忽略符号。
- % Change = (New Value − Original Value) / Original Value × 100
- 百分比变化 = (新值 − 原值) / 原值 × 100
2. Income Elasticity of Demand (YED) | 需求的收入弹性
YED shows how quantity demanded responds to a change in consumer income. YED = (% Change in Quantity Demanded) / (% Change in Income)
需求的收入弹性显示需求量如何随消费者收入变化作出反应。YED = (需求量变动的百分比) / (收入变动的百分比)
Goods with positive YED are normal goods; those with negative YED are inferior goods. A YED > 1 indicates a luxury good.
YED 为正的是正常品，为负的是低档品。YED 大于 1 表示奢侈品。
3. Cross Elasticity of Demand (XED) | 需求的交叉弹性
XED measures the change in demand for one good when the price of another good changes. XED = (% Change in Quantity Demanded of Good A) / (% Change in Price of Good B)
需求的交叉弹性衡量一种商品的需求对另一种商品价格变化的反应程度。XED = (商品 A 需求量变动的百分比) / (商品 B 价格变动的百分比)
Positive XED means the goods are substitutes; negative XED means they are complements. A value close to zero suggests the goods are unrelated.
XED 为正表示替代品，为负表示互补品。数值接近零表示两种商品不相关。
4. Price Elasticity of Supply (PES) | 供给的价格弹性
PES shows how quantity supplied responds to price changes. PES = (% Change in Quantity Supplied) / (% Change in Price)
供给的价格弹性显示供给量对价格变化的反应程度。PES = (供给量变动的百分比) / (价格变动的百分比)
A PES > 1 means supply is price elastic; PES < 1 means it is price inelastic. The main determinants are time period, availability of resources, and spare capacity.
PES 大于 1 表示供给富有价格弹性，小于 1 表示缺乏价格弹性。主要决定因素有时间周期、资源可得性和闲置产能。
5. Total Revenue and Average Revenue | 总收益与平均收益
Total Revenue (TR) = Price (P) × Quantity Sold (Q)
总收益 (TR) = 价格 (P) × 销售量 (Q)
Average Revenue (AR) = Total Revenue / Quantity = Price
平均收益 (AR) = 总收益 / 销售量 = 价格
If demand is price elastic, a price cut raises total revenue. If demand is price inelastic, a price cut lowers total revenue.
如果需求富有价格弹性，降价会提高总收益；如果需求缺乏价格弹性，降价会降低总收益。
6. Cost Formulas | 成本公式
Businesses incur various costs. The key ones are:
企业会产生多种成本。主要公式如下：
- Total Cost (TC) = Total Fixed Cost (TFC) + Total Variable Cost (TVC)
总成本 (TC) = 总固定成本 (TFC) + 总可变成本 (TVC) - Average Cost (AC) = Total Cost / Quantity
平均成本 (AC) = 总成本 / 产量 - Average Fixed Cost (AFC) = Total Fixed Cost / Quantity
平均固定成本 (AFC) = 总固定成本 / 产量 - Average Variable Cost (AVC) = Total Variable Cost / Quantity
平均可变成本 (AVC) = 总可变成本 / 产量 - Marginal Cost (MC) = Change in Total Cost / Change in Quantity
边际成本 (MC) = 总成本的变动量 / 产量的变动量
Marginal cost is the cost of producing one extra unit of output.
边际成本是额外生产一单位产品所增加的成本。
7. Profit and Break-even Point | 利润与盈亏平衡点
Profit = Total Revenue − Total Cost
利润 = 总收益 − 总成本
Break-even occurs when Total Revenue = Total Cost, so profit is zero. Break-even output can be found using: Break-even Output = Fixed Costs / (Selling Price per Unit − Variable Cost per Unit)
盈亏平衡点出现在总收益等于总成本时，此时利润为零。盈亏平衡产量公式：盈亏平衡产量 = 固定成本 / (单位售价 − 单位可变成本)
The bottom part of the formula is the contribution per unit.
公式的分母部分即单位贡献边际。
8. Labour Productivity and Efficiency | 劳动生产率与效率
Labour Productivity = Total Output / Number of Workers
劳动生产率 = 总产量 / 劳动者人数
Alternatively, it can be measured as output per hour worked.
也可以用每工作小时的产出来衡量。
Productivity Index or Growth = (Current Productivity − Previous Productivity) / Previous Productivity × 100
生产率增长 = (当期生产率 − 前期生产率) / 前期生产率 × 100
9. Unemployment Rate | 失业率
Unemployment Rate = (Number of Unemployed / Labour Force) × 100
失业率 = (失业人数 / 劳动力总数) × 100
The labour force includes those who are employed plus those who are unemployed but actively seeking work.
劳动力包括就业人数加上失业但积极寻找工作的人数。
10. Inflation Rate (CPI / RPI) | 通货膨胀率
Inflation is usually measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Inflation Rate = (CPI This Year − CPI Last Year) / CPI Last Year × 100
通货膨胀通常用消费者价格指数 (CPI) 衡量。通货膨胀率 = (今年 CPI − 去年 CPI) / 去年 CPI × 100
Some exam questions may use a weighted basket of goods. The price index itself is: Price Index = (Cost of Basket in Current Year / Cost of Basket in Base Year) × 100
有些考题涉及加权商品篮。价格指数本身为：价格指数 = (当年商品篮成本 / 基年商品篮成本) × 100
11. Economic Growth (GDP Growth Rate) | 经济增长 (GDP 增长率)
GDP Growth Rate = (GDP in Current Year − GDP in Previous Year) / GDP in Previous Year × 100
GDP 增长率 = (当年 GDP − 上年 GDP) / 上年 GDP × 100
GDP can be presented in real terms (adjusted for inflation) or nominal terms.
GDP 可以用实际值（剔除通胀）或名义值表示。
GDP per capita = Total GDP / Population
人均 GDP = 总 GDP / 人口数
12. Exchange Rate and Trade Indices | 汇率与贸易指数
An exchange rate shows the value of one currency in terms of another. While there is no universal formula to predict exchange rates, students may be asked to calculate conversions: Amount in Foreign Currency = Amount in Home Currency × Exchange Rate
汇率表示一种货币兑换另一种货币的价值。虽然没有预测汇率的通用公式，但学生可能需要做换算：外币金额 = 本币金额 × 汇率
Terms of Trade Index = (Index of Export Prices / Index of Import Prices) × 100
贸易条件指数 = (出口价格指数 / 进口价格指数) × 100
A rise in the terms of trade means a country can buy more imports for a given quantity of exports.
贸易条件指数上升意味着给定出口量能买到更多进口品。
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