GCSE WJEC Physics: Formula Summary Handbook | GCSE WJEC 物理：公式汇总手册

📚 GCSE WJEC Physics: Formula Summary Handbook | GCSE WJEC 物理：公式汇总手册

This handbook provides a complete list of the essential formulas you need to master for the GCSE WJEC Physics examinations. Each formula is clearly stated with its units and a brief explanation, helping you to revise quickly and apply the equations confidently in calculation questions. Understanding these relationships is crucial for the analysis of motion, forces, energy, waves, electricity and the properties of matter.

本手册汇总了 GCSE WJEC 物理考试必须掌握的全部重要公式。每一条公式都清楚列出了单位与简要说明，方便你快速复习，并在计算题中自信地运用。理解这些关系式是分析运动、力、能量、波、电学和物质性质的关键。

1. Speed and Acceleration | 速度与加速度

The average speed of an object is found by dividing the total distance travelled by the time taken. The unit of speed is metres per second (m/s).

v = s / t

物体的平均速度等于总路程除以所花的时间，速度的单位是米每秒 (m/s)。

Acceleration measures how quickly the velocity changes. It is the change in velocity divided by the time during which the change occurs. Acceleration can be positive (speeding up) or negative (slowing down).

a = (v – u) / t

加速度描述速度变化的快慢，等于速度的变化量除以发生这一变化所用的时间。加速度可以是正值（加速）或负值（减速）。其中 u 为初速度，v 为末速度，单位均为 m/s；加速度单位为 m/s²。

2. Force and Momentum | 力与动量

Newton’s second law states that the resultant force acting on an object is equal to its mass multiplied by its acceleration. Force is measured in newtons (N).

F = m a

牛顿第二定律指出，作用在物体上的合力等于物体的质量乘以加速度。力的单位是牛顿 (N)，质量的单位是千克 (kg)。

Weight is the force due to gravity. On Earth the gravitational field strength, g, is approximately 10 N/kg.

W = m g

重量是由引力产生的力。在地球表面，引力场强度 g 约等于 10 N/kg，所以重量 W 的单位也是牛顿。

Moving objects possess momentum, a vector quantity defined as the product of mass and velocity. Momentum is conserved in all collisions and explosions, provided no external force acts.

p = m v

运动物体具有动量，动量是矢量，等于质量乘以速度。动量单位是 kg m/s。在不受外力作用的碰撞和爆炸中，总动量守恒。

The resultant force is also equal to the rate of change of momentum. This relationship is especially useful when analysing car safety features.

F = Δp / Δt = (m v – m u) / t

合力也等于动量随时间的变化率。这在分析汽车安全装置（如安全气囊、褶皱区）时非常有用。

The principle of conservation of momentum can be written for two colliding objects as:

m₁ u₁ + m₂ u₂ = m₁ v₁ + m₂ v₂

对于两个碰撞物体，动量守恒定律可表达为：碰撞前的总动量等于碰撞后的总动量。u₁、u₂ 是初速度，v₁、v₂ 是末速度。

3. Work, Energy and Power | 功、能与功率

Work is done when a force moves an object in the direction of the force. Work and energy are both measured in joules (J).

W = F d

当力使物体

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