📚 GCSE WJEC Science: End-of-Term Revision Checklist | GCSE WJEC 科学：期末复习提纲
This end-of-term revision checklist covers the essential topics you need to review for your GCSE WJEC Science exams. Use it to structure your study sessions, identify key concepts, and practice applying your knowledge. Whether you are taking Double Award or Separate Sciences, a clear revision plan will boost your confidence and performance.
这份期末复习提纲涵盖了 GCSE WJEC 科学考试中你必须复习的核心主题。利用它来规划你的学习时间、识别关键概念并练习应用知识。无论你参加的是双证科学还是单科科学，一个清晰的复习计划都能提升你的信心和成绩。
1. Course Overview and Exam Structure | 课程概览与考试结构
The WJEC GCSE Science qualification is available as a Double Award (combined syllabus) or as three separate subjects: Biology, Chemistry and Physics. Each unit is assessed through written examinations, which may contain multiple-choice, structured and extended response questions. Practical skills are tested within these papers using questions based on prescribed practical activities.
WJEC GCSE 科学资格设有双证（综合教学大纲）和三个独立学科（生物、化学、物理）两种路径。每个单元通过笔试进行评估，题型可能包括选择题、结构化题和扩展回答题。实验技能通过基于规定实验活动的问题在试卷中考查。
Check your specification carefully to know the exact unit titles and weightings. Make sure you are familiar with the command words used in exams, such as ‘state’, ‘describe’, ‘explain’ and ‘calculate’. These indicate the depth of answer required.
仔细核对考试大纲以了解确切的单元名称和分值权重。确保你熟悉考卷中使用的指令词，如 “state”（陈述）、“describe”（描述）、“explain”（解释）和 “calculate”（计算），它们提示了答案所需的深度。
2. Cell Biology and Organisation | 细胞生物学与组织结构
Cell structure: Be able to label and compare animal, plant and bacterial cells. Know the functions of organelles: nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes and, in plants, chloroplasts, cell wall and permanent vacuole. Bacterial cells lack a true nucleus and have a single circular strand of DNA and plasmids.
细胞结构： 能够标注并比较动物细胞、植物细胞和细菌细胞。掌握细胞器的功能：细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜、线粒体、核糖体，以及植物细胞特有的是叶绿体、细胞壁和永久液泡。细菌细胞没有真正的细胞核，拥有单条环状 DNA 和质粒。
Specialised cells and division: Recall how sperm, nerve, root hair and xylem cells are adapted to their functions. Describe the stages of mitosis and its role in growth and repair. Understand that mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells.
特化细胞与分裂： 记住精子细胞、神经细胞、根毛细胞和木质部细胞如何适应其功能。描述有丝分裂的各阶段及其在生长和修复中的作用。理解有丝分裂产生基因相同的子细胞。
Transport across membranes: Define diffusion, osmosis and active transport. Know the factors affecting diffusion and the importance of a partially permeable membrane in osmosis. Apply the water potential concept to explain turgor and plasmolysis in plant cells.
跨膜运输： 定义扩散、渗透和主动运输。了解影响扩散的因素以及部分透性膜在渗透中的重要性。运用水势概念解释植物细胞的膨压和质壁分离。
3. Enzymes and Digestion | 酶与消化
Enzyme action: Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions. The lock-and-key model explains enzyme specificity. Know how temperature and pH affect enzyme activity, leading to denaturation at extremes. Interpret graphs showing rate of reaction against these factors.
酶的作用： 酶是加快反应速率的生物催化剂。锁钥模型解释了酶的专一性。了解温度和 pH 如何影响酶活性，在极端条件下会导致变性。能够解读反应速率与这些因素之间的关系曲线图。
Digestive enzymes: Amylase breaks down starch into maltose in the mouth and small intestine. Proteases break proteins into amino acids and work in the stomach and small intestine. Lipases digest lipids into fatty acids and glycerol, aided by bile which emulsifies fats. Learn the food tests for starch (iodine), reducing sugars (Benedict’s), protein (Biuret) and lipids (ethanol emulsion).
消化酶： 淀粉酶在口腔和小肠将淀粉分解为麦芽糖。蛋白酶将蛋白质分解为氨基酸，在胃和小肠中作用。脂肪酶将脂质分解为脂肪酸和甘油，胆汁通过乳化脂肪辅助消化。熟记食物检测方法：淀粉（碘液）、还原糖（本尼迪克特试剂）、蛋白质（双缩脲试剂）和脂质（乙醇乳浊液）。
4. Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table | 原子结构与周期表
Subatomic particles: Recall the relative masses and charges of protons, neutrons and electrons. Atomic number equals the number of protons; mass number is protons plus neutrons. Isotopes have the same atomic number but different mass numbers. Draw electron configurations for the first 20 elements using shells: 2.8.8.2.
亚原子粒子： 记住质子、中子和电子的相对质量与电荷。原子序数等于质子数；质量数是质子数加中子数。同位素原子序数相同但质量数不同。用电子层排布画出前 20 号元素的电子构型：2.8.8.2。
Periodic Table development: Understand how Mendeleev left gaps for undiscovered elements and predicted their properties. The modern table orders elements by atomic number. Recognise trends in groups: alkali metals (Group 1) become more reactive down the group; halogens (Group 7) become less reactive; noble gases (Group 0) are inert. Be able to explain these trends in terms of electron shells.
周期表发展： 理解门捷列夫如何为未发现的元素留出空位并预测其性质。现代周期表按原子序数排列元素。识别族中递变规律：碱金属（第 1 族）越往下反应性越强；卤素（第 7 族）越往下反应性越弱；稀有气体（第 0 族）是惰性的。能够用电子层解释这些规律。
5. Chemical Bonding and Reactions | 化学键合与反应
Types of bonding: Ionic bonding involves electron transfer between metals and non-metals, forming oppositely charged ions held in a giant lattice. Covalent bonding involves sharing electrons between non-metals, forming simple molecules (e.g. H₂O, CO₂) or giant covalent structures (e.g. diamond, SiO₂). Metallic bonding consists of positive ions in a sea of delocalised electrons.
键合类型： 离子键涉及金属与非金属之间的电子转移，形成带相反电荷的离子，排列成巨型晶格。共价键涉及非金属原子间共享电子，形成简单分子（如 H₂O、CO₂）或巨型共价结构（如金刚石、SiO₂）。金属键由阳离子和离域电子的海洋构成。
Properties and equations: Ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten or dissolved. Simple molecules have low melting points. Diamond is extremely hard, while graphite conducts electricity due to free electrons. Be able to write word and balanced symbol equations for combustion, neutralisation, and displacement reactions. Recognise exothermic (energy released) and endothermic (energy absorbed) reactions from energy profile diagrams.
性质与方程式： 离子化合物在熔融或溶解时可导电。简单分子熔点低。金刚石极硬，而石墨因存在自由电子而能导电。能够书写燃烧、中和和置换反应的文字方程式和配平的符号方程式。从能量剖面图识别放热（释放能量）和吸热（吸收能量）反应。
6. Energy and Electricity | 能量与电
Energy stores and transfers: Identify stores such as kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic, thermal and chemical. Describe energy transfers by heating, doing work and electrical flow. Apply the principle of conservation of energy to calculate useful output, wasted energy and efficiency.
能量储存与转移： 识别能量储存类型，如动能、重力势能、弹性势能、热能和化学能。描述通过加热、做功和电流进行的能量转移。运用能量守恒原理计算有用输出、浪费的能量和效率。
Electrical circuits: Know standard circuit symbols. In a series circuit, current is the same everywhere and potential difference is shared. In a parallel circuit, current splits while potential difference is the same across branches. Use Ohm’s Law (V = IR) to calculate voltage, current and resistance. Understand how resistance changes with length of wire and in LDRs and thermistors. Calculate power using P = E/t and P = IV.
电路： 掌握标准电路符号。在串联电路中，各处电流相等，电压被分配。在并联电路中，电流分流，各支路电压相等。运用欧姆定律（V = IR）计算电压、电流和电阻。理解电阻如何随导线长度变化，以及光敏电阻和热敏电阻的特性。用 P = E/t 和 P = IV 计算电功率。
7. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Vectors and motion: Distinguish between scalar quantities (speed, distance) and vector quantities (velocity, displacement, force). Calculate speed, velocity and acceleration. Interpret distance-time and velocity-time graphs; the gradient of a velocity-time graph gives acceleration, and the area under the graph gives displacement.
矢量与运动： 区分标量（速率、路程）和矢量（速度、位移、力）。计算速率、速度和加速度。解读路程-时间图和速度-时间图；速度-时间图的斜率表示加速度，线下面积表示位移。
Equations of motion: For uniform acceleration, learn and apply the SUVAT equations. The two most common at GCSE level are:
运动方程： 对于匀加速运动，学习并运用 SUVAT 方程。GCSE 阶段最常用的两个公式是：
v = u + at
s = ut + ½ at²
where v = final velocity, u = initial velocity, a = acceleration, t = time and s = displacement. Newton’s second law: F = ma. Understand stopping distance = thinking distance + braking distance, and factors affecting both.
其中 v = 末速度，u = 初速度，a = 加速度，t = 时间，s = 位移。牛顿第二定律：F = ma。理解停车距离 = 思考距离 + 制动距离，以及影响两者的因素。
8. Waves and the Electromagnetic Spectrum | 波与电磁波谱
Wave basics: Transverse waves (e.g. light, water waves) have oscillations perpendicular to energy transfer; longitudinal waves (e.g. sound) have parallel oscillations. Define amplitude, wavelength, frequency and period. Use the wave equation:
波的基础： 横波（如光、水波）的振动方向与能量传播方向垂直；纵波（如声波）的振动方向与之平行。定义振幅、波长、频率和周期。使用波动方程：
v = f × λ
where v is wave speed, f is frequency and λ is wavelength. Describe reflection (angle of incidence = angle of reflection) and refraction (bending due to change in speed).
其中 v 为波速，f 为频率，λ 为波长。描述反射（入射角 = 反射角）和折射（因速度变化而发生弯曲）。
Electromagnetic spectrum: List the order from longest wavelength to shortest: radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray, gamma. Know uses (e.g. radio for communication, microwaves for cooking, infrared for remote controls, X-rays for imaging) and dangers (e.g. UV causes skin cancer, gamma is ionising). All EM waves travel at the same speed in a vacuum.
电磁波谱： 按波长从长到短列出：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X 射线、伽马射线。知道它们的用途（如无线电用于通信、微波用于烹饪、红外线用于遥控、X 射线用于成像）和危害（如紫外线导致皮肤癌、伽马射线具有电离作用）。所有电磁波在真空中以相同速度传播。
9. Ecology and Environment | 生态与环境
Ecosystems and biodiversity: Define population, community, habitat and ecosystem. Construct and interpret food chains and webs, recognising producers, consumers and decomposers. Energy is lost at each trophic level through respiration and waste. Explain the importance of biodiversity and strategies to conserve it, such as breeding programmes and protected areas.
生态系统与生物多样性： 定义种群、群落、栖息地和生态系统。构建并解读食物链和食物网，识别生产者、消费者和分解者。能量在每个营养级通过呼吸作用和废物损失。解释生物多样性的重要性及其保护策略，如育种计划和保护区。
Cycles and pollution: Describe the carbon cycle, including photosynthesis, respiration, combustion and decomposition. Outline the water cycle. Evaluate the impact of human activities: global warming from greenhouse gases, acid rain from sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, and eutrophication from fertiliser runoff. Understand the role of indicator species in monitoring pollution.
循环与污染： 描述碳循环，包括光合作用、呼吸作用、燃烧和分解。概述水循环。评估人类活动的影响：温室气体导致的全球变暖，二氧化硫和氮氧化物导致的酸雨，以及化肥径流引起的富营养化。理解指示物种在监测污染中的作用。
10. Quantitative Chemistry and Revision Tips | 定量化学与复习策略
Mole calculations: Understand relative atomic mass (Aᵣ) and relative formula mass (Mᵣ). The mole is the unit for amount of substance; one mole of any substance contains 6.02 × 10²³ particles. Key equations to memorise:
摩尔计算： 理解相对原子质量（Aᵣ）和相对式量（Mᵣ）。摩尔是物质的量的单位；1 摩尔任何物质含有 6.02 × 10²³ 个粒子。需要熟记的关键公式：
moles = mass / Mᵣ
concentration = moles / volume
Be able to calculate reacting masses, percentage yield and atom economy. For titrations, convert volumes and concentrations to determine unknown values.
能够计算反应质量、产率百分比和原子经济性。对于滴定实验，转换体积和浓度以确定未知值。
Revision strategies: Use active recall by testing yourself with flashcards and past paper questions. Create mind maps to link topics across Biology, Chemistry and Physics. Practise calculations under timed conditions and always show your working. Plan a revision timetable that allows spacing and rest. Focus on command words and exam technique to maximise marks. Remember, consistency is more effective than cramming.
复习策略： 使用抽认卡和历年真题进行主动回忆。绘制思维导图来连接生物、化学和物理中的各主题。在计时条件下练习计算题并始终写出解题步骤。制定留有间隔和休息的复习时间表。关注指令词和考试技巧以最大化得分。记住，持续复习比考前突击更有效。
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