IB & AQA Chemistry Formula Handbook | IB AQA 化学公式汇总手册

📚 IB & AQA Chemistry Formula Handbook | IB AQA 化学公式汇总手册

This comprehensive formula handbook compiles the essential equations required for IB and AQA Chemistry courses. From stoichiometry to thermodynamics, kinetics, equilibrium, and electrochemistry, every key relationship is presented with clear notation and paired explanations in English and Chinese. Use this as your revision companion to master quantitative chemistry and secure top marks in both internal assessments and final examinations.

本公式手册汇编了 IB 和 AQA 化学课程所需的核心方程式。从化学计量到热力学、动力学、平衡和电化学，每个关键关系都以清晰的符号呈现，并配有中英文解释。将其作为复习伴侣，掌握定量化学，在内部评估和最终考试中取得优异成绩。

1. Fundamental Quantity Relationships | 基本物理量关系

The mole is the central unit linking mass, number of particles, and volume of a gas. The following formulae are used throughout quantitative chemistry.

摩尔是连接质量、粒子数和气体体积的核心单位。以下公式在整个定量化学中都会使用。

Number of moles n = m / M, where m is mass in grams and M is molar mass in g mol⁻¹. For particles: N = n × L, where L is Avogadro’s constant (6.02 × 10²³ mol⁻¹).

物质的量 n = m / M，其中 m 是以克计的质量，M 是摩尔质量（g·mol⁻¹）。粒子数：N = n × L，L 为阿伏伽德罗常数 (6.02×10²³ mol⁻¹)。

n = m ÷ M

n = N ÷ L

At standard temperature and pressure (STP: 0 °C, 100 kPa for IB; AQA may use 298 K, 100 kPa), molar volume Vₘ = 22.7 dm³ mol⁻¹ (IB) or 24 dm³ mol⁻¹ (AQA at RTP). Volume V = n × Vₘ.

在标准状况 (STP: 0 °C, 100 kPa，IB 使用；AQA 可能在 298 K、100 kPa下)，摩尔体积 Vₘ = 22.7 dm³·mol⁻¹ (IB) 或 24 dm³·mol⁻¹ (AQA RTP)。体积 V = n × Vₘ。

V = n × Vₘ

2. Concentration and Dilution | 浓度与稀释

Concentration of a solution is expressed in mol dm⁻³ (M). The key formula relates moles, concentration, and volume in dm³.

溶液的浓度以 mol·dm⁻³ (M) 表示。关键公式将物质的量、浓度和体积（dm³）联系起来。

n = c × V, where c is concentration and V is volume in dm³. For dilution: c₁V₁ = c₂V₂.

n = c × V，其中 c 是浓度，V 是体积 (dm³)。稀释公式：c₁V₁ = c₂V₂。

n = cV

c₁V₁ = c₂V₂

3. Ideal Gas Equation | 理想气体方程

The ideal gas equation combines pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of gas. The value of the gas constant R depends on the units used.

理想气体方程结合了压力、体积、温度和气体物质的量。气体常数 R 的值取决于所用的单位。

PV = nRT. When P in kPa, V in dm³, T in K, then R = 8.31 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹. If P in Pa, V in m³, R = 8.31 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹. Temperature must be in kelvin: T(K) = θ (°C) + 273.15.

PV = nRT。当 P 用 kPa，V 用 dm³，T 用 K，则 R = 8.31 J·K⁻¹·mol⁻¹。若 P 用 Pa，V 用 m³，R = 8.31 J·K⁻¹·mol⁻¹。温度必须用开尔文：T(K) = θ(°C) + 273.15。

PV = nRT

4. Empirical and Molecular Formulae | 实验式与分子式

The empirical formula gives the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound. The molecular formula is a multiple of the empirical formula, determined using the molar mass.

实验式给出化合物中原子的最简整数比。分子式是实验式的倍数，通过摩尔质量确定。

To find empirical formula: convert % composition to mass, then to moles, then divide by smallest mole ratio. Molecular formula: n = (molar mass) / (empirical formula mass). Molecular formula = (empirical formula) × n.

求实验式：将质量百分比转换为质量，再转换为物质的量，然后除以最小物质的量比。分子式：n = (摩尔质量) / (实验式质量)。分子式 = (实验式) × n。

Mₙ = Mₑ × n

5. Enthal

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