📚 IGCSE Science: Final Revision Outline | IGCSE 科学：期末复习提纲
A well-structured revision outline is your most powerful tool when preparing for IGCSE Science examinations. This guide brings together the essential topics from Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, along with practical skills and exam technique, to help you study efficiently and retain key concepts. Use it as a checklist to track your progress and identify areas that need further work before the final paper.
一份结构清晰的复习提纲是你备考 IGCSE 科学考试最有力的工具。本指南汇集了物理、化学和生物的核心主题，以及实验技能和考试技巧，帮助你高效学习并牢记关键概念。你可以把它当作一份清单，用它来追踪自己的复习进度，找出在期末考试前还需要加强的薄弱环节。
1. Scientific Inquiry and Practical Skills | 科学探究与实验技能
Every IGCSE Science paper tests your understanding of the scientific method. Begin by ensuring you can identify independent, dependent, and control variables in any investigation. Describe how to design a fair test where only one factor is changed at a time and all other conditions are kept constant.
每一份 IGCSE 科学试卷都会考查你对科学方法的理解。首先要确保你能在任何实验中识别自变量、因变量和控制变量。学会描述如何设计公平试验——每次只改变一个因素，其他所有条件都保持不变。
You must be able to handle practical data correctly. Revise the difference between accuracy and precision, and explain how to reduce random errors by taking multiple readings and calculating a mean. Know how to identify and deal with anomalous results that do not fit the pattern.
你必须能够正确处理实验数据。复习准确度与精密度的区别，并解释如何通过多次读数、计算平均值来减少随机误差。同时要懂得如何识别并处理不符合规律的异常结果。
Safety is always assessed. Learn common hazard symbols and the specific precautions for heating flammable liquids, handling corrosive acids, and using biological materials. Be ready to suggest improvements to an experimental method in terms of reliability, validity, and control of risks.
实验安全总是考查点。学习常见的安全标志，以及针对加热易燃液体、处理腐蚀性酸和接触生物材料的具体预防措施。要准备从可靠性、有效性和风险控制的角度对实验方法提出改进建议。
2. Physics: Forces and Motion | 物理：力与运动
Start with the key quantities: speed, velocity, acceleration, distance, and displacement. Recall that speed is scalar while velocity is a vector. Learn the motion equations for constant acceleration, and practise using graphs of distance–time and speed–time to find acceleration, distance travelled, and deceleration.
从关键物理量开始：速率、速度、加速度、路程和位移。记住速率是标量，而速度是矢量。学习匀加速运动的运动方程，并练习使用路程—时间图和速率—时间图来求解加速度、运动距离和减速度。
Understand Newton’s three laws of motion and how they apply to everyday situations. Identify resultant force as the vector sum of all forces, and use the formula F = ma. Be confident in explaining why a body continues in uniform motion when forces are balanced, and how unbalanced forces cause acceleration.
理解牛顿三大运动定律及其在日常生活中的应用。学会将合力视为所有力的矢量和，并运用公式 F = ma。要能自信地解释为什么力平衡时物体保持匀速运动，以及不平衡的力如何引起加速度。
Moments and centre of mass are common problem-solving topics. Know the principle of moments: for an object in equilibrium, total clockwise moment equals total anticlockwise moment. Apply this to levers, seesaws, and beams, and describe how to find the centre of mass of an irregular lamina.
力矩与重心是常见的解题主题。掌握力矩原理：处于平衡状态的物体，总顺时针力矩等于总逆时针力矩。将此原理应用到杠杆、跷跷板和横梁问题中，并描述如何求不规则薄片的重心位置。
Key equations to memorise:
v = u + at
s = ut + ½ at²
F = ma W = mg
3. Physics: Energy, Work and Power | 物理：能量、功和功率
Energy exists in several forms: kinetic, gravitational potential, thermal, chemical, elastic, and nuclear. Learn the principle of conservation of energy and be able to track energy transfers in a system using Sankey diagrams or written descriptions. Understand that in any real process, some energy is always dissipated as heat.
能量有多种存在形式：动能、重力势能、热能、化学能、弹性势能和核能。学习能量守恒原理，并能够使用桑基图或文字描述追踪系统内的能量转移。要理解在任何真实过程中，总有一部分能量以热的形式散失。
Work done is the product of force and distance moved in the direction of the force. Power is the rate of doing work. Practise calculations involving gravitational potential energy (ΔEₚ = mgΔh) and kinetic energy (Eₖ = ½mv²). Remember that the efficiency of a device is useful energy output divided by total energy input.
功等于力与沿力方向移动距离的乘积。功率是做功的速率。练习涉及重力势能（ΔEₚ = mgΔh）和动能（Eₖ = ½mv²）的计算。记住设备的效率等于有用的能量输出除以总能量输入。
Renewable and non-renewable energy resources are a core part of the syllabus. Compare fossil fuels, nuclear power, wind, solar, hydroelectric, tidal, wave, and geothermal energy in terms of reliability, environmental impact, and cost. Be prepared to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each for a specific location.
可再生能源与不可再生能源是课程大纲的核心内容。从可靠性、环境影响和成本等方面，比较化石燃料、核能、风能、太阳能、水力发电、潮汐能、波浪能和地热能。准备好针对某一特定地点讨论每种能源的优缺点。
Eₚ = mgh Eₖ = ½ mv² P = E / t
4. Physics: Waves and Electromagnetic Spectrum | 物理：波与电磁波谱
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. Distinguish between transverse waves (e.g. light, water ripples) and longitudinal waves (e.g. sound), and label amplitude, wavelength, frequency, crest, trough, compression, and rarefaction. Know the wave speed equation: v = fλ.
波传递能量而不传递物质。区分横波（如光、水波）和纵波（如声波），并能标出振幅、波长、频率、波峰、波谷、疏部和密部。掌握波速公式：v = fλ。
Reflection and refraction are fundamental behaviour patterns. Draw accurate ray diagrams for plane mirrors and explain the laws of reflection. Describe how light bends when entering a denser or less dense medium, and link this to wave speed changes. Understand total internal reflection and its use in optical fibres.
反射和折射是波的基本行为。能画出平面镜的精确光路图，并解释反射定律。描述光在进入光密或光疏介质时如何弯曲，并将其与波速变化联系起来。理解全反射现象及其在光纤中的应用。
The electromagnetic spectrum is grouped by wavelength and frequency. Memorise the order: radio, microwave, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-ray, gamma ray. For each region, learn typical sources, detectors, uses, and dangers. For example, ultraviolet is used in sterilization but can cause skin cancer, while X-rays are used in medical imaging but carry an ionisation risk.
电磁波谱按波长和频率分类。记住顺序：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X 射线、伽马射线。针对每一波段，学习典型的来源、探测器、用途和危害。例如，紫外线可用于消毒但会导致皮肤癌，而 X 射线用于医疗成像但有电离辐射风险。
5. Physics: Electricity and Magnetism | 物理：电与磁
Electric circuit analysis begins with charge, current, potential difference, and resistance. Use the relationships Q = It for charge, V = IR for resistance, and P = IV = I²R for electrical power. Learn how to connect ammeters in series and voltmeters in parallel, and how to measure resistance using a voltmeter–ammeter method.
电路分析从电荷、电流、电势差和电阻开始。使用电荷公式 Q = It、电阻公式 V = IR 以及电功率公式 P = IV = I²R。学习如何将安培计串联、伏特计并联，以及如何使用伏安法测量电阻。
Series and parallel circuits have distinct rules. For series: current is the same everywhere, total resistance adds, and the p.d. splits. For parallel: current splits while p.d. is the same across each branch. Practise combining resistors and calculating total resistance for mixed circuits.
串联电路和并联电路有各自的规则。串联：电流处处相等，总电阻相加，电势差分压。并联：电流分流，每一支路电势差相等。练习组合电阻并计算混联电路的总电阻。
Magnetism and electromagnetism link to the motor effect and electromagnetic induction. Recall that a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field experiences a force; use Fleming’s left-hand rule. For generators, know that a changing magnetic field induces an e.m.f. (Faraday’s law). Describe the construction of a simple transformer and how it alters voltage and current: Vₚ / Vₛ = Nₚ / Nₛ.
磁学与电磁学联系到电动机效应和电磁感应。回顾通电导体在磁场中会受到力的作用；会使用弗莱明左手定则。对于发电机，知道变化的磁场会感应出电动势（法拉第定律）。描述简单变压器的构造，以及它如何改变电压和电流：Vₚ / Vₛ = Nₚ / Nₛ。
6. Chemistry: Atomic Structure and Bonding | 化学：原子结构与化学键
Matter is composed of atoms, each containing a tiny nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons arranged in shells. Know the relative charges and masses of subatomic particles, and define atomic number (Z) and mass number (A). The electronic configuration of an element determines its chemical reactivity: elements with a full outer shell are inert (noble gases).
物质由原子构成，每个原子含有一个由质子和中子组成的微小原子核，周围电子分层排布。记住亚原子粒子的相对电荷与质量，理解原子序数（Z）和质量数（A）的定义。元素的电子排布决定其化学活泼性：具有满电子层的元素是惰性的（稀有气体）。
Ionic bonding occurs when atoms transfer electrons to achieve stable structures, forming positive cations and negative anions. Understand the giant ionic lattice structure, and explain properties such as high melting point, brittleness, and the ability to conduct electricity when molten or dissolved.
离子键通过原子间的电子转移形成，产生稳定的阳离子和阴离子。理解离子晶格的巨型结构，并能解释离子化合物的性质：高熔点、脆性、以及熔融或溶解时能导电。
Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electron pairs. Small covalent molecules like H₂O, CO₂, and CH₄ have low melting points and do not conduct electricity. In contrast, giant covalent structures such as diamond (hard, high melting point) and graphite (soft, slippery, conducts electricity) show that bonding and structure dictate properties. Metallic bonding is described as a regular array of positive ions in a ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons, which explains malleability and conductivity.
共价键涉及电子对的共用。像 H₂O、CO₂ 和 CH₄ 这样的简单共价分子熔点低、不导电。相比之下，巨型共价结构如金刚石（硬、高熔点）和石墨（软、滑、导电）表明化学键和结构决定了物质的性质。金属键被描述为规则排列的阳离子置身于离域电子“海洋”中，这解释了金属的延展性和导电性。
7. Chemistry: Stoichiometry and Chemical Equations | 化学：化学计量与化学方程式
Chemical equations must be balanced to obey the law of conservation of mass. Writing correct state symbols (s), (l), (g), (aq) is essential. Practise translating word equations into symbol equations, and always check that the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides.
化学方程式必须配平以遵守质量守恒定律。正确书写状态符号 (s)、(l)、(g)、(aq) 至关重要。练习将文字方程式转化为符号方程式，并始终检查两边每种元素的原子的个数是否相等。
Relative atomic mass (Aᵣ) and relative formula mass (Mᵣ) are calculated from periodic table data. Use these to find the percentage composition by mass of an element in a compound. The mole concept links mass and number of particles: n = m / Mᵣ. Memorise Avogadro’s constant (6.02 × 10²³) and apply it in molar calculations.
相对原子质量（Aᵣ）和相对式量（Mᵣ）根据周期表数据计算。用它们求化合物中某元素的质量百分数。摩尔概念将质量与微粒数联系起来：n = m / Mᵣ。记住阿伏伽德罗常数（6.02 × 10²³）并在摩尔计算中应用。
Reacting mass calculations and determining limiting reactants are high-mark skills. Learn to find the mass of a product from a given mass of reactant, using the mole ratio from the balanced equation. Be ready to calculate percentage yield and percentage purity, and identify reasons for yield being less than 100% (e.g. incomplete reactions, side reactions, loss during separation).
反应物质量计算和确定过量/限量反应物是高分题型。学习如何利用配平方程式中的摩尔比，从给定的反应物质量求产物质量。要准备计算产率百分数和纯度百分数，并能找出产率低于 100% 的原因（如反应不完全、副反应、分离损失）。
n = m / Mᵣ n = V / 24 dm³ (at r.t.p.)
8. Chemistry: Acids, Bases and Salts | 化学：酸、碱和盐
An acid is a proton donor that releases H⁺ ions in solution, while a base is a substance that neutralises an acid. Alkalis are soluble bases that produce OH⁻ ions. Learn the pH scale from 0 to 14: acidic solutions have a low pH, alkaline solutions a high pH, and neutral solutions pH 7. Know how to measure pH using universal indicator, pH probes, and litmus.
酸是质子的供体，在溶液中释放 H⁺ 离子；碱则是能中和酸的物质。可溶的碱称为碱，会产生 OH⁻ 离子。学习 pH 值从 0 到 14 的标度：酸性溶液 pH 低，碱性溶液 pH 高，中性溶液 pH 为 7。了解如何使用通用指示剂、pH 探头和石蕊试纸测量 pH 值。
Neutralisation reactions produce a salt and water. Revise general equations: acid + metal oxide → salt + water, acid + metal hydroxide → salt + water, acid + metal carbonate → salt + water + carbon dioxide, and acid + reactive metal → salt + hydrogen gas. Be able to name the salt formed based on the acid used (chloride from hydrochloric acid, sulfate from sulfuric acid, nitrate from nitric acid).
中和反应生成盐和水。复习一般方程式：酸 + 金属氧化物 → 盐 + 水；酸 + 金属氢氧化物 → 盐 + 水；酸 + 金属碳酸盐 → 盐 + 水 + 二氧化碳；酸 + 活泼金属 → 盐 + 氢气。能够根据所用酸命名形成的盐（盐酸生成氯化物，硫酸生成硫酸盐，硝酸生成硝酸盐）。
Preparing pure, dry crystals of a soluble salt is a classic practical. Know the steps: react excess solid with warm acid, filter off the unreacted solid, evaporate the filtrate to saturation point, then allow to crystallise slowly. For insoluble salts, precipitation is used: mix two solutions containing the required ions, filter, wash with distilled water, and dry.
制备纯净、干燥的可溶性盐晶体是经典的实验考题。知道步骤：将过量固体与温热酸反应，过滤掉未反应的固体，将滤液蒸发至饱和点，然后缓慢结晶。对于不溶性盐，使用沉淀法：混合两种含有目标离子的溶液，过滤，用蒸馏水洗涤并干燥。
9. Biology: Cell Biology and Organisation | 生物：细胞生物学与组织层次
All living organisms are built from cells. Compare animal, plant, fungal and bacterial cells, listing organelles such as nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, and in plants additionally the cell wall, chloroplasts, and permanent vacuole. Recognise that bacteria lack a true nucleus and have circular DNA, placing them in the prokaryote group.
所有生物体都由细胞构成。比较动物细胞、植物细胞、真菌细胞和细菌细胞，列出各种细胞器，如细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜、线粒体、核糖体，植物细胞还额外有细胞壁、叶绿体和中央大液泡。要认出细菌没有真正的细胞核且含有环状 DNA，因此属于原核生物。
Specialisation of cells is linked to their function. Describe how a red blood cell’s biconcave shape and lack of nucleus maximize oxygen carriage, how a sperm cell’s tail propels it, and how root hair cells increase surface area for water absorption. The levels of organisation proceed from cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism.
细胞的分化与其功能相适应。描述红细胞的双凹盘状结构和无核特征如何最大化运氧能力，精子的尾部如何提供动力，以及根毛细胞的突起如何增大吸水的表面积。组织层次由低到高依次为：细胞 → 组织 → 器官 → 器官系统 → 生物体。
Movement in and out of cells is a vital topic. Differentiate between diffusion (net movement of particles from high to low concentration), osmosis (diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane), and active transport (movement against a concentration gradient using energy). Apply these concepts to gas exchange in lungs, nutrient uptake in the gut, and water absorption in plant roots.
物质进出细胞是一个至关重要的主题。区分扩散（微粒从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动）、渗透（水分子通过半透膜从高水势向低水势的扩散）和主动运输（利用能量逆浓度梯度运动）。把这些概念应用到肺部气体交换、肠道营养吸收和植物根部吸水等实例中。
10. Biology: Respiration, Photosynthesis and Energy | 生物：呼吸作用、光合作用与能量
Respiration is the chemical process that releases energy from food molecules. Know the word and balanced symbol equations for aerobic respiration: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O (+ energy). In contrast, anaerobic respiration in muscles produces lactic acid (and much less energy), while in yeast it produces ethanol and carbon dioxide (fermentation).
呼吸作用是从食物分子中释放能量的化学过程。记住有氧呼吸的文字方程式和配平的符号方程式：C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O（+ 能量）。相比之下，肌肉内无氧呼吸产生乳酸（且释放的能量少得多），而酵母的无氧呼吸产生乙醇和二氧化碳（发酵）。
Photosynthesis is the foundation of most food chains. Memorise the overall equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ in the presence of light and chlorophyll. Describe how light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature act as limiting factors. Be able to interpret the classic pondweed experiment that measures the rate of oxygen production under different conditions.
光合作用是大多数食物链的基础。记住总反应式：6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂，需要光能和叶绿体。描述光照强度、二氧化碳浓度和温度如何成为限制因子。能够解释经典的伊乐藻实验，即在不同条件下测量氧气释放速率的实验。
The leaf is an organ perfectly adapted for photosynthesis and gas exchange. Label a diagram including the cuticle, upper and lower epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, guard cells, and stomata. Explain how stomatal opening is controlled by guard cells and how this balances gas exchange with water loss.
叶片是一个完美适应光合作用和气体交换的器官。画图标注出角质层、上下表皮、栅栏组织、海绵组织、保卫细胞和气孔。解释保卫细胞如何控制气孔的开闭，以及这一机制如何平衡气体交换与水分损失。
11. Biology: Genetics and Evolution | 生物：遗传与进化
Inheritance follows patterns governed by alleles. Define key terms: gene, allele, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, and recessive. Use genetic diagrams (Punnett squares) to predict outcomes of monohybrid crosses. Understand that sex is determined by the X and Y chromosomes: females are XX, males are XY.
遗传遵循由等位基因支配的规律。定义关键术语：基因、等位基因、基因型、表型、纯合、杂合、显性、隐性。利用遗传图解（旁氏表）预测单基因杂交的结果。理解性别由 X 和 Y 染色体决定：女性为 XX，男性为 XY。
DNA is a double helix molecule made of nucleotides, carrying the genetic code. The base pairing rules are A–T and C–G. Protein synthesis involves transcription (in the nucleus) and translation (at ribosomes). Mutations are changes in the DNA base sequence that can be harmful, beneficial, or neutral, and they introduce genetic variation.
DNA 是一种由核苷酸组成的双螺旋分子，携带着遗传密码。碱基配对规则是 A–T 和 C–G。蛋白质合成包括转录（在细胞核内）和翻译（在核糖体上进行）。突变是 DNA 碱基序列的改变，可能有害、有益或中性，它们带来了遗传变异。
Natural selection explains how species evolve. Describe the process: variation exists within a population, organisms compete for resources, those with advantageous traits survive and reproduce, passing on those alleles to the next generation. Use the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria as a key example. Speciation occurs when populations become reproductively isolated over time.
自然选择解释了物种的进化过程。描述其过程：种群内存在变异，生物体为资源而竞争，具有有利性状的个体存活并繁殖，将这些等位基因传递给下一代。用细菌中抗生素抗性的发展作为一个关键实例。随着时间的推移，当种群之间形成生殖隔离时，新物种就会形成。
12. Exam Technique and Key Command Words | 考试技巧与关键指令词
Success in IGCSE Science depends as much on how you answer as on what you know. Always read the command word carefully: ‘State’ means give a concise answer without explanation; ‘Describe’ asks for what happens (often a sequence); ‘Explain’ requires linking cause to effect using scientific principles; ‘Calculate’ demands a numerical answer with correct units.
在 IGCSE 科学考试中取得好成绩，不仅取决于你掌握了什么，也取决于你如何作答。仔细阅读指令词：’State’ 意味着给出简洁答案，无需解释；’Describe’ 要求描述发生的情况（通常是顺序）；’Explain’ 需要利用科学原理将原因与结果联系起来；’Calculate’ 则要求给出带正确单位的数字答案。
Manage your time by allocating minutes in proportion to marks. Attempt every question; even an incomplete answer can earn partial marks. For calculations, show all working step by step: write the formula, substitute numbers, and present the final answer. In extended-response questions, structure your answer with a clear beginning, middle, and end, and use scientific vocabulary precisely.
合理分配时间，按分数比例安排相应分钟数。每题都尝试作答；即便答案不完整，也能获得步骤分。对于计算题，逐步展示所有步骤：写出公式，代入数值，最后给出答案。在拓展回答题中，用清晰的开头、中间和结尾来组织答案，并准确使用科学术语。
When interpreting graphs, first identify the variables on the axes. Describe the general trend using phrases like ‘directly proportional’, ‘inversely proportional’, or ‘exponential increase’. Use data points to support your description, and be ready to calculate a gradient or intercept if required. Finally, re-read your answers to correct any rushed mistakes in units, spelling of key terms, or sig figs.
在解读图表时，首先识别坐标轴上的变量。用“成正比”、“成反比”或“指数增长”等短语描述总体趋势。用数据点支撑你的描述，并准备好根据需要计算斜率或截距。最后，再次通读你的答案，及时纠正因匆忙而导致的单位错误、关键术语拼写错误或有效数字失误。
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