AP Physics: Common Laboratory Equipment English Vocabulary | AP 物理：实验常用用品英文词汇

📚 AP Physics: Common Laboratory Equipment English Vocabulary | AP 物理：实验常用用品英文词汇

In AP Physics courses, laboratory work is essential for understanding physical principles and developing scientific reasoning. Familiarity with the names and functions of common laboratory equipment in English not only helps students follow lab procedures accurately but also prepares them for free-response questions that may require describing experimental setups and apparatus. This bilingual guide covers the most frequently used items, from basic measuring tools to advanced sensors, ensuring you can identify and discuss equipment with confidence.

在 AP 物理课程中，实验操作是理解物理原理和培养科学推理能力的关键。熟悉常用实验用品的英文名称和功能，不仅能帮助学生准确遵循实验步骤，也为考试中可能需要描述实验装置的自由回答题做好了准备。这份中英双语指南涵盖了从基本测量工具到先进传感器最常使用的物品，确保你能自信地识别和讨论实验器材。

1. Basic Measurement Instruments | 基本测量仪器

Accurate measurement of length, mass, time, and force forms the foundation of all physics experiments. The instruments described below are used in virtually every AP Physics lab to collect primary data.

精确测量长度、质量、时间和力是所有物理实验的基础。以下描述的仪器几乎是每个 AP 物理实验室中用来收集原始数据的必备工具。

Meter Stick – A wooden or metal ruler exactly one meter long, marked in centimeters and millimeters. It measures length and can also act as a lever arm in torque experiments.

米尺 – 一种确切一米长的木制或金属尺，标有厘米和毫米刻度。用于测量长度，在力矩实验中也可充当杠杆臂。

Vernier Caliper – A precise tool with a main scale and a sliding vernier scale, capable of reading to 0.1 mm or 0.01 cm. It measures internal and external diameters as well as depths.

游标卡尺 – 一种带主尺和滑动游标的精密工具，读数可精确到 0.1 毫米或 0.01 厘米，可测量内径、外径和深度。

Micrometer Screw Gauge – Often called a micrometer, it measures small dimensions such as wire thickness or sheet thickness with a typical precision of 0.01 mm.

千分尺 – 常称螺旋测微器，用于测量细丝直径或薄片厚度等小尺寸，典型精度为 0.01 毫米。

Stopwatch – A handheld timer, usually digital, that measures time intervals to 0.1 s or 0.01 s. Essential for kinematics and oscillation labs.

秒表 – 一种手持计时器，多为数字式，可测量时间间隔至 0.1 秒或 0.01 秒，是运动学和振荡实验的必要工具。

Triple Beam Balance – A mechanical balance using three sliding masses on notched beams; it determines mass up to several hundred grams with an accuracy of 0.1 g.

三梁天平 – 一种机械天平，利用三根带刻度的横梁上的滑动质量来测量质量，量程数百克，精度为 0.1 克。

Electronic Balance – A digital scale providing high-precision mass readings (often 0.01 g or 0.001 g). It must be tared (zeroed) before placing objects.

电子天平 – 一种数字秤，提供高精度质量读数（常为 0.01 克或 0.001 克）。使用前需去皮（归零）。

Spring Scale – Also known as a Newton meter, it measures force by spring extension and is typically calibrated in newtons (N). Frequently used to study Hooke’s law.

弹簧秤 – 也称牛顿计，通过弹簧伸长测力，通常以牛顿（N）标定，常用于研究胡克定律。

Protractor – A transparent semicircular or circular tool for measuring angles, critical for optics experiments and projectile motion.

量角器 – 一种透明半圆形或圆形角度测量工具，在光学实验和抛体运动中至关重要。

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2. Data Collection and Sensors | 数据采集与传感器

Modern AP Physics labs often employ electronic sensors interfaced with data-logging software. These devices record variables like position, force, pressure, and temperature in real time, enabling precise analysis.

现代 AP 物理实验室经常使用与数据采集软件连接的电子传感器。这些设备可实时记录位置、力、压力和温度等变量，从而实现精确分析。

The following table lists common sensors and their Chinese equivalents. In addition, a photogate is frequently used to measure time intervals of objects passing through a beam, and a rotary motion sensor tracks angular displacement.

下表列出了常见传感器及其中文对应名称。此外，光电门常用于测量物体通过光束的时间间隔，回转运动传感器则跟踪角位移。

Motion Detector	运动探测器
Force Sensor	力传感器
Pressure Sensor	压力传感器
Temperature Probe	温度探头
Voltage Probe	电压探头
Current Probe	电流探头
Photogate	光电门
Rotary Motion Sensor	回转运动传感器
Accelerometer	加速度计
Light Sensor	光传感器

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3. Electrical Components and Meters | 电学元件与仪表

Electricity and magnetism experiments require a wide array of components for building circuits and measuring electrical quantities. Recognizing these items by name is crucial for both lab work and exam circuit diagrams.

电磁学实验需要大量用于搭建电路和测量电学量的元件。辨识这些器材的名称对实验操作和考试中的电路图都至关重要。

Voltmeter – An instrument connected in parallel to measure potential difference (voltage) across a component. Digital voltmeters display readings directly; analog versions use a pointer.

电压表 – 并联连接以测量元件两端电势差（电压）的仪表。数字电压表直接显示读数；模拟式则使用指针。

Ammeter – Connected in series to measure the current flowing through a branch of a circuit. It has very low internal resistance to avoid affecting the circuit.

电流表 – 串联连接以测量流经电路支路的电流，内阻极低以减少对电路的影响。

Multimeter – A versatile instrument that can function as a voltmeter, ammeter, and ohmmeter. Digital multimeters (DMMs) are standard in AP labs.

万能表 – 一种多功能仪表，可用作电压表、电流表和欧姆表。数字万能表（DMM）是 AP 实验室中的标配。

Resistor – A component with a known resistance, often color-coded. Resistance boxes with selectable values are also used for precise control.

电阻器 – 具有已知电阻值的元件，常用色环标识阻值。电阻箱具有可选择的阻值，用于精确控制。

Rheostat – A variable resistor with two terminals used to adjust current smoothly by changing the length of resistance wire in the circuit.

滑动变阻器 – 一种两端可变电阻，通过改变接入电路的电阻丝长度来平滑调节电流。

Potentiometer – A three-terminal variable resistor often used as a voltage divider or to compare EMFs in precise measurements.

电位器 – 一种三端可变电阻，常作为分压器使用，或用于精密比较电动势。

Capacitor – Stores electric charge and energy in an electric field; usually two types appear: fixed capacitors and electrolytic capacitors (polarized).

电容器 – 在电场中储存电荷和能量；通常出现两种类型：固定电容器和电解电容器（有极性）。

Battery (Cell) – A source of DC voltage. A battery pack or a power supply unit provides stable EMF for circuits.

电池（电源） – 直流电压源。电池组或直流电源供应器可为电路提供稳定的电动势。

Connecting Wire with Alligator Clips – Flexible insulated wires tipped with metal clips for easy temporary connections; banana plugs are also common.

带鳄鱼夹的导线 – 末端带有金属夹的柔性绝缘导线，便于临时连接；香蕉插头也很常见。

Switch – A single-pole single-throw (SPST) toggle switch can open or close a circuit. Other types like double-pole double-throw (DPDT) are used for advanced work.

开关 – 单刀单掷（SPST）拨动开关可断开或接通电路。其他类型如双刀双掷（DPDT）用于进阶实验。

Breadboard – A solderless board with internal metal strips that allows quick prototyping of circuits by inserting component leads and jumper wires.

面包板 – 一种内部有金属条的无焊电路板，通过插入元件引脚和跳线可快速搭建原型电路。

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4. Optical Equipment | 光学设备

Optics experiments on reflection, refraction, interference, and diffraction rely on a specific set of components. Being able to name them correctly in English is vital for laboratory reports.

关于反射、折射、干涉和衍射的光学实验依赖一套专用组件。正确用英文命名它们对实验报告至关重要。

Ray Box – A light source that produces a set of narrow parallel beams, used with a slit plate to trace ray paths on paper.

光线盒 – 一种光源，可产生一组狭窄平行光束，配合狭缝板可在纸上描绘光路。

Concave Lens (Diverging Lens) – Thinner in the center, it spreads out parallel rays. Used to study virtual images and correct myopia.

凹透镜（发散透镜） – 中间较薄，使平行光线发散。用于研究虚像和矫正近视。

Convex Lens (Converging Lens) – Thicker in the center, it brings parallel rays to a focus. Fundamental for image formation and the lens equation.

凸透镜（会聚透镜） – 中间较厚，将平行光线会聚到焦点。是成像和透镜公式的基础。

Plane Mirror – A flat reflective surface used to study the law of reflection and to form virtual, laterally inverted images.

平面镜 – 一种平坦反射面，用于研究反射定律并形成虚像且左右颠倒的像。

Concave Mirror (Converging Mirror) – Curves inward and can focus parallel light to a real focal point; used in telescopes and shaving mirrors.

凹面镜（会聚镜） – 向内弯曲，可将平行光会聚到实焦点；用于望远镜和化妆镜。

Convex Mirror (Diverging Mirror) – Curves outward and always forms a diminished virtual image; commonly used in vehicle side mirrors.

凸面镜（发散镜） – 向外弯曲，总是形成缩小虚像；常用于车辆侧视镜。

Optical Bench – A rigid rail with mounted holders for lenses, screens, and light sources, allowing precise alignment and distance measurements.

光具座 – 带有透镜、屏和光源等安装座的刚性导轨，可精确对准和测量距离。

Screen – A translucent or white sheet placed on the bench to capture real images formed by lenses or mirrors.

光屏 – 放置在光具座上的半透明白板，用于接收透镜或镜子所成的实像。

Prism – A triangular glass block that disperses white light into its spectrum via refraction. Equilateral prisms are common in AP demonstrations.

棱镜 – 一种三角形玻璃块，通过折射将白光色散成光谱。AP 实验中常用等边棱镜。

Diffraction Grating – A slide with thousands of closely spaced slits that produce sharp interference patterns for measuring wavelengths.

衍射光栅 – 一片带有数千条紧密排列狭缝的玻片，产生清晰的干涉图样，用于测量波长。

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5. Mechanics Apparatus | 力学实验装置

Mechanics is the core of AP Physics 1 and C: Mechanics. The apparatus described below enables investigations of motion, forces, energy, and momentum.

力学是 AP 物理 1 和 C 力学课程的核心。以下描述的装置可用于探究运动、力、能量和动量。

Dynamics Cart – A low-friction wheeled cart that rides on a track; often equipped with a plunger for launching or a force sensor attachment.

动力学小车 – 一种低摩擦轮式小车，在轨道上运行；常配备有弹射器或力传感器接口。

Dynamics Track – A straight aluminum or aluminum-plastic rail with minimal friction; includes end stops and a pulley mount.

动力学轨道 – 一种低摩擦的直铝轨或铝塑轨；配有端点挡块和滑轮支架。

Low-Friction Pulley – Mounted at the track’s edge to redirect a string and hanging masses, allowing constant net force experiments.

低摩擦滑轮 – 安装在轨道边缘以改变细绳和悬挂砝码的拉力方向，用于恒定合外力实验

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