📚 Pre-AP Biology: Complete Exam Topic Checklist | Pre-AP生物：考点详细清单
The Pre-AP Biology course is designed to build a strong foundation in biological principles while emphasizing scientific practices such as modeling, data analysis, and evidence-based argumentation. This checklist outlines the core knowledge and skills you will need to master, organised by the four main units—Ecological Systems, Evolution, Cellular Systems, and Genetics—plus a dedicated section on scientific practices. Use it to track your revision and ensure you are fully prepared for assessments.
Pre-AP生物课程旨在为生物学原理打下坚实基础，同时强调建模、数据分析与基于证据的论证等科学实践。这份清单按四大单元（生态系统、进化、细胞系统与遗传学）外加科学实践板块，梳理了需要掌握的核心知识与技能。你可以用它来跟踪复习进度，确保为各类评估做好充分准备。
1. Unit 1: Ecological Systems – Populations and Communities | 生态系统 – 种群与群落
Explain how biotic and abiotic factors influence population size, density, and distribution patterns (clumped, uniform, random).
解释生物与非生物因素如何影响种群大小、密度与分布模式（集群分布、均匀分布、随机分布）。
Describe exponential growth and logistic growth, including the role of carrying capacity (K) and limiting factors.
描述指数增长与逻辑斯谛增长，包括环境容纳量（K）与限制因子的作用。
Analyse predator-prey relationships, competition (interspecific and intraspecific), and symbiotic interactions (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism).
分析捕食者－猎物关系、种间与种内竞争，以及共生关系（互利共生、偏利共生、寄生）。
Interpret age-structure diagrams and survivorship curves (Type I, II, III) to predict population trends.
解读年龄结构图与存活曲线（I型、II型、III型），预测种群变化趋势。
Define community structure by species richness, relative abundance, and the role of keystone species.
用物种丰富度、相对多度和关键种的作用定义群落结构。
2. Unit 1: Ecological Systems – Energy Flow and Matter Cycling | 生态系统 – 能量流动与物质循环
Construct food chains and food webs, identifying producers, consumers (primary, secondary, tertiary), and decomposers.
构建食物链和食物网，识别生产者、消费者（初级、次级、三级）和分解者。
Use the 10% rule to calculate energy transfer between trophic levels and explain why biomass pyramids usually narrow upward.
运用10%法则计算营养级之间的能量传递，并解释生物量金字塔通常向上收窄的原因。
Model the carbon cycle, highlighting processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, combustion, and decomposition.
建立碳循环模型，突出光合作用、呼吸作用、燃烧与分解等过程。
Describe the nitrogen cycle, including nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, and denitrification.
描述氮循环，包括固氮作用、硝化作用、同化作用、氨化作用与反硝化作用。
Explain how water cycles through evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.
解释水如何通过蒸发、蒸腾、凝结、降水和径流进行循环。
3. Unit 2: Evolution – Natural Selection and Adaptation | 进化 – 自然选择与适应
Outline Darwin’s theory of natural selection based on variation, overproduction, competition, and differential survival/reproduction.
概述达尔文基于变异、过度繁殖、竞争和差别存活/繁殖的自然选择学说。
Distinguish between directional, stabilising, and disruptive selection using real-world examples like antibiotic resistance or peppered moths.
区分定向选择、稳定化选择和分裂选择，并用抗生素耐药性或桦尺蛾等实例说明。
Define adaptation (structural, behavioural, physiological) and explain how it increases fitness in a specific environment.
定义适应（结构、行为、生理），并解释其如何在特定环境中提高适合度。
Identify constraints on natural selection, such as genetic drift, gene flow, and the limits imposed by existing structures.
识别自然选择的制约因素，如遗传漂变、基因流和现有结构带来的限制。
Interpret phylogenetic trees and cladograms to infer evolutionary relationships among species.
解读系统发育树和分支图，推断物种间的进化关系。
4. Unit 2: Evolution – Speciation and Evidence for Evolution | 进化 – 物种形成与进化证据
Define the biological species concept and explain how reproductive isolating mechanisms (prezygotic and postzygotic) lead to speciation.
定义生物学物种概念，解释生殖隔离机制（合子前隔离与合子后隔离）如何导致物种形成。
Contrast allopatric and sympatric speciation, emphasising the role of geographic barriers vs. polyploidy or behavioural differences.
比较异域物种形成与同域物种形成，强调地理障碍与多倍体或行为差异的不同作用。
Evaluate evidence for evolution from fossil records, comparative anatomy (homologous, analogous, vestigial structures), embryology, and molecular biology.
评价来自化石记录、比较解剖学（同源、同功、痕迹器官）、胚胎学和分子生物学的进化证据。
Apply the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model to determine whether a population is evolving, using the equation:
应用哈迪－温伯格平衡模型判断种群是否在进化，使用公式：
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
Calculate allele and genotype frequencies, and list conditions required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (no mutation, random mating, no gene flow, infinite population size, no selection).
计算等位基因频率和基因型频率，并列举哈迪－温伯格平衡的条件（无突变、随机交配、无基因流、无限种群大小、无选择）。
5. Unit 3: Cellular Systems – Cell Structure and Function | 细胞系统 – 细胞结构与功能
Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting the presence of membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus in eukaryotes.
比较原核细胞与真核细胞，注意真核细胞中膜包被的细胞器和细胞核的存在。
Describe the structure and function of key organelles: nucleus, ribosomes, rough and smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, and vacuoles.
描述关键细胞器的结构与功能：细胞核、核糖体、粗面和滑面内质网、高尔基体、线粒体、叶绿体、溶酶体和液泡。
Explain the endosymbiotic theory supported by evidence from mitochondria and chloroplasts (double membrane, own DNA, ribosomes).
解释内共生学说，指出线粒体和叶绿体提供的证据（双层膜、自有DNA、核糖体）。
Model the structure of the cell membrane using the fluid mosaic model, identifying phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.
利用流动镶嵌模型构建细胞膜结构，识别磷脂、蛋白质、胆固醇和糖类。
Relate surface area-to-volume ratio to cell size limitations and adaptations such as microvilli.
将表面积与体积比与细胞大小限制以及微绒毛等适应联系起来。
6. Unit 3: Cellular Systems – Membrane Transport and Cell Communication | 细胞系统 – 膜运输与细胞通讯
Distinguish between passive transport (diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis) and active transport (protein pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis).
区分被动运输（简单扩散、协助扩散、渗透）与主动运输（蛋白质泵、胞吞、胞吐）。
Predict osmotic outcomes in hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic environments for animal and plant cells.
预测动物细胞与植物细胞在低渗、高渗和等渗环境中的渗透结果。
Describe how membrane receptors and signaling pathways (e.g., G-protein coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases) trigger cellular responses.
描述膜受体和信号传导通路（如G蛋白偶联受体、受体酪氨酸激酶）如何引发细胞反应。
Explain how cells use signal transduction to amplify signals and coordinate multicellular activities like hormone responses.
解释细胞如何通过信号转导放大信号并协调多细胞活动，如激素响应。
7. Unit 3: Cellular Systems – Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis | 细胞系统 – 细胞呼吸与光合作用
Write the overall summary equations for aerobic respiration and photosynthesis, and locate the processes within the cell.
写出有氧呼吸与光合作用的总方程式，并指出它们在细胞中发生的部位。
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP (respiration)
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (photosynthesis)
Describe the stages of aerobic respiration: glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation, including ATP yield.
描述有氧呼吸的各阶段：糖酵解、连接反应、克雷布斯循环和电子传递链/氧化磷酸化，包括产生的ATP数量。
Explain the role of NAD⁺/NADH and FAD/FADH₂ as electron carriers in respiration.
解释NAD⁺/NADH和FAD/FADH₂在呼吸作用中作为电子载体的作用。
Contrast anaerobic respiration (fermentation) in animals (lactic acid) and yeast (ethanol), and state the ATP yield.
比较动物（乳酸发酵）和酵母（乙醇发酵）中的无氧呼吸，并说明ATP产量。
Describe the light-dependent reactions (photosystem II, electron transport, ATP synthase) and the Calvin cycle (carbon fixation, reduction, RuBP regeneration) in photosynthesis.
描述光合作用中的光依赖反应（光系统II、电子传递、ATP合酶）和卡尔文循环（碳固定、还原、RuBP再生）。
Relate environmental factors (light intensity, CO₂ concentration, temperature) to the rate of photosynthesis, using experimental data.
利用实验数据，将环境因素（光强、CO₂浓度、温度）与光合作用速率联系起来。
8. Unit 4: Genetics – Mendelian and Non-Mendelian Inheritance | 遗传学 – 孟德尔与非孟德尔遗传
Use Punnett squares to predict genotypic and phenotypic ratios for monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, applying Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment.
运用庞纳特方格预测单杂交和双杂交的基因型与表型比例，应用孟德尔的分离定律与自由组合定律。
Analyse inheritance patterns: autosomal dominant/recessive, X-linked, codominance (e.g., ABO blood group), and incomplete dominance (e.g., snapdragon colour).
分析遗传模式：常染色体显性/隐性、伴X遗传、共显性（如ABO血型）和不完全显性（如金鱼草花色）。
Construct pedigree charts to track traits through generations and determine the mode of inheritance.
构建系谱图追踪世代间的性状，并确定遗传方式。
Explain polygenic inheritance, epistasis, and the influence of the environment on phenotype (epigenetics).
解释多基因遗传、上位效应以及环境对表型的影响（表观遗传学）。
Describe chromosomal basis of inheritance, including the behaviour of chromosomes during meiosis I and II, crossing over, and nondisjunction leading to aneuploidy.
描述遗传的染色体基础，包括减数分裂I和II中染色体的行为、交叉互换以及导致非整倍体的不分离。
9. Unit 4: Genetics – DNA Structure, Replication, and Protein Synthesis | 遗传学 – DNA结构、复制与蛋白质合成
Describe the structure of DNA as a double helix with antiparallel strands, complementary base pairing (A-T, C-G), and the 5′ and 3′ orientation.
描述DNA的双螺旋结构：反平行链、互补碱基配对（A-T，C-G）以及5’和3’方向性。
Summarise the semi-conservative model of DNA replication, including the roles of helicase, DNA polymerase, ligase, and Okazaki fragments.
概述DNA的半保留复制模型，包括解旋酶、DNA聚合酶、连接酶和冈崎片段的作用。
Explain transcription: RNA polymerase binding to the promoter, synthesis of pre-mRNA, and RNA processing (5′ cap, poly-A tail, splicing) in eukaryotes.
解释转录过程：RNA聚合酶与启动子结合、前体mRNA的合成以及真核生物中的RNA加工（5’帽、poly-A尾、剪接）。
Describe translation: ribosome assembly on mRNA, tRNA carrying anticodons and amino acids, codon recognition, peptide bond formation, and termination.
描述翻译过程：核糖体在mRNA上组装、携带反密码子和氨基酸的tRNA、密码子识别、肽键形成与终止。
Predict amino acid sequences using the genetic code table; explain effects of point mutations (silent, missense, nonsense) and frameshift mutations.
使用遗传密码表预测氨基酸序列；解释点突变（沉默、错义、无义）和移码突变的影响。
Compare gene expression regulation in prokaryotes (e.g., lac operon) and eukaryotes (transcription factors, enhancers, chromatin remodelling).
比较原核生物（如乳糖操纵子）与真核生物（转录因子、增强子、染色质重塑）的基因表达调控。
10. Scientific Practices and Skills | 科学实践与技能
Identify independent, dependent, and controlled variables in an experiment; formulate a testable hypothesis.
在实验中识别自变量、因变量和控制变量；提出可验证的假设。
Design controlled experiments with appropriate sample sizes and replicable procedures; explain why blind or double-blind protocols are used.
设计具有适当样本量和可重复步骤的对照实验；解释为何采用盲法或双盲方案。
Collect, organise, and represent data using tables, line graphs, bar charts, and scatter plots; apply best-fit lines and error bars where appropriate.
使用表格、折线图、柱状图和散点图收集、整理并呈现数据；在适当时应用最佳拟合线和误差线。
Perform basic statistical analysis: calculate mean, median, range, and standard deviation; interpret standard error and confidence intervals.
进行基本统计分析：计算平均数、中位数、极差和标准差；解读标准误和置信区间。
Use the chi-square test to determine whether observed data deviate significantly from expected values (e.g., Mendelian crosses).
使用卡方检验判断观测数据是否显著偏离预期值（例如孟德尔杂交实验）。
Evaluate the quality of evidence—assess reliability, accuracy, bias, and validity—and identify possible sources of error in an investigation.
评价证据质量——评估可靠性、准确性、偏差和有效性——并识别调查中可能的误差来源。
Construct and interpret models (conceptual, mathematical, physical) to represent biological systems, such as food webs, cell membranes, or enzyme kinetics.
构建并解读模型（概念模型、数学模型、物理模型）以表征生物系统，如食物网、细胞膜或酶动力学。
Develop a scientific argument that includes a claim, evidence from data, and reasoning that connects the evidence to biological principles.
提出科学论证，包括主张、数据证据以及将证据与生物学原理联系起来的推理。
Published by TutorHao | Pre-AP Biology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导