📚 The Ten Oldest Universities in Germany | 德国历史最悠久的十所大学介绍
Germany boasts some of the oldest and most prestigious universities in Europe, with a tradition of higher education dating back to the 14th century. These historic institutions have nurtured countless scholars, produced groundbreaking research, and shaped the intellectual landscape of the Western world. In this article, we explore the ten oldest universities in Germany that have survived through centuries, examining their founding dates, locations, and academic legacies.
德国拥有欧洲最古老、最负盛名的一些大学，其高等教育传统可追溯至 14 世纪。这些历史悠久的学府培养出无数学者，产出了开创性研究，并塑造了西方世界的思想格局。本文将探讨德国至今仍存续的十所最古老大学，介绍它们的建校年份、所在地和学术传承。
1. Heidelberg University (1386) | 海德堡大学 (1386)
Founded in 1386, Heidelberg University is the oldest university in Germany and one of the oldest surviving universities in the world. Located in the picturesque city of Heidelberg in Baden-Wuerttemberg, it was established by Rupert I, Elector Palatine, modelled on the University of Paris. The university has a strong emphasis on comprehensive research and offers a wide range of disciplines. It is a member of the German Excellence Initiative and has produced numerous Nobel laureates.
海德堡大学成立于1386年，是德国最古老的大学，也是世界现存最古老的大学之一。学校坐落于巴登-符腾堡州风景如画的海德堡市，由普法尔茨选帝侯鲁普雷希特一世仿照巴黎大学建立。该校注重全面研究，学科范围广泛，是德国精英大学计划成员，培养出众多诺贝尔奖得主。
The university’s motto, ‘Semper apertus’ (Always open), reflects its tradition of intellectual freedom. Notable alumni include philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, sociologist Max Weber, and chemist Robert Bunsen.
大学校训“永远开放”（Semper apertus）体现了其思想自由的传统。知名校友包括哲学家黑格尔、社会学家马克斯·韦伯和化学家本生。
2. Leipzig University (1409) | 莱比锡大学 (1409)
Leipzig University was founded in 1409 by students and staff who left Prague University following the Decree of Kutná Hora. It is the second oldest university in Germany with continuous operation. Situated in the city of Leipzig, Saxony, the university celebrated its 600th anniversary in 2009. It has a long tradition in the humanities, law, and natural sciences, and is known for its influential School of Philosophy and the development of modern psychology under Wilhelm Wundt.
莱比锡大学成立于1409年，由因库特纳霍拉法令离开布拉格大学的师生创建。它是德国连续办学历史第二长的大学。位于萨克森州莱比锡市，该校在2009年庆祝了建校600周年。它在人文、法律和自然科学领域拥有悠久传统，并以颇具影响力的哲学学派以及威廉·冯特发展现代心理学而闻名。
Famous figures associated with the university include Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (who studied here), Friedrich Nietzsche, and former German Chancellor Angela Merkel.
与该校相关的著名人物包括曾在此求学的歌德、尼采以及前德国总理安格拉·默克尔。
3. University of Rostock (1419) | 罗斯托克大学 (1419)
Founded in 1419, the University of Rostock is the third oldest in Germany and the oldest in the Baltic Sea region. It was established by Dukes John IV and Albert V of Mecklenburg and granted papal approval by Pope Martin V. Located in the Hanseatic city of Rostock, it has a strong maritime and interdisciplinary research focus. The university has experienced periods of decline and revival but has continuously maintained its academic tradition.
罗斯托克大学成立于1419年，是德国第三古老的大学，也是波罗的海沿岸地区最古老的大学。它由梅克伦堡公爵约翰四世和阿尔布雷希特五世创立，并获教皇马丁五世批准。学校坐落在汉萨城市罗斯托克，拥有强大的海洋与跨学科研究特色。尽管历经兴衰，它始终延续着学术传统。
Notable alumni include physicist Albert Einstein, who received an honorary doctorate here, and acclaimed writer Walter Kempowski.
知名校友包括获荣誉博士学位的物理学家爱因斯坦以及著名作家瓦尔特·肯波夫斯基。
4. University of Greifswald (1456) | 格赖夫斯瓦尔德大学 (1456)
The University of Greifswald was founded in 1456 by Duke Wartislaw IX of Pomerania. It is the fourth oldest university in Germany and has a rich history closely intertwined with the Hanseatic city of Greifswald. The university boasts strong faculties in medicine, law, and theology, and has a notable research profile in plasma physics. Its main building, erected in the 18th century, is a landmark of the city.
格赖夫斯瓦尔德大学由波美拉尼亚公爵瓦尔蒂斯拉夫九世于1456年建立，是德国第四古老的大学，与汉萨城市格赖夫斯瓦尔德的历史紧密相连。该校在医学、法学和神学方面实力雄厚，并在等离子体物理学领域具有突出研究优势。其建于18世纪的主楼是城市地标。
5. University of Freiburg (1457) | 弗赖堡大学 (1457)
Founded in 1457 by Archduke Albrecht VI of Austria, the University of Freiburg is the fifth oldest university in Germany. Located at the edge of the Black Forest, it has a long-standing humanist tradition and is renowned for its interdisciplinary research in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. It is one of the elite universities in Germany and has produced many Nobel laureates in chemistry and medicine.
弗赖堡大学于1457年由奥地利大公阿尔布雷希特六世建立，是德国第五古老的大学。坐落在黑森林边缘，它拥有悠久的人文主义传统，以人文、社科和自然科学的跨学科研究著称。它是德国精英大学之一，培养了多位化学和医学领域的诺贝尔奖得主。
6. Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (1472) | 慕尼黑大学 (1472)
Originally founded in Ingolstadt in 1472 by Duke Ludwig IX of Bavaria, the university was moved to Landshut in 1800 and finally to Munich in 1826 by King Ludwig I. Today it is known as LMU Munich and is one of the most prestigious universities in Europe. It has produced a remarkable number of Nobel laureates, including Wilhelm Röntgen and Thomas Mann. Its comprehensive subject range and strong research output place it among the top global universities.
慕尼黑大学最初于1472年由巴伐利亚公爵路德维希九世在因戈尔施塔特建立，1800年迁至兰茨胡特，1826年由国王路德维希一世最终迁至慕尼黑。如今简称LMU，是欧洲最负盛名的大学之一。它培养出极多的诺贝尔奖得主，包括威廉·伦琴和托马斯·曼。其全面的学科设置和强大的科研产出使其稳居全球顶尖大学之列。
7. Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen (1477) | 蒂宾根大学 (1477)
The University of Tübingen was founded in 1477 by Count Eberhard V (later Duke Eberhard I of Württemberg). It is a traditional comprehensive university with a strong focus on theology, philosophy, medicine, and the natural sciences. The university is known for its unique collegiate system and its idyllic river-side location along the Neckar. It is also part of the German Excellence Initiative, with a distinguished history of critical thinking and academic freedom.
蒂宾根大学于1477年由埃伯哈德五世伯爵（后来的符腾堡公爵埃伯哈德一世）创立。这是一所传统综合性大学，注重神学、哲学、医学和自然科学。因其独特的学院制和内卡河畔的田园风光而闻名。它也是德国精英大学计划成员，有着批判性思维和学术自由的卓越历史。
8. Philipps University of Marburg (1527) | 马尔堡大学 (1527)
Philipps University of Marburg was founded in 1527 by Landgrave Philip the Magnanimous of Hesse as the world’s first Protestant university. Built on the principles of Reformation theology, it quickly became a centre for humanist scholarship. The university is famous for its research in chemistry, medicine, and philosophy, and counts among its alumni the likes of physician Emil von Behring and poet Boris Pasternak.
马尔堡大学由黑森伯爵“慷慨的”菲利普于1527年创立，是世界上第一所新教大学。基于宗教改革神学原则建立，迅速成为人文学术中心。该校以化学、医学和哲学研究闻名，校友包括医生埃米尔·冯·贝林和诗人鲍里斯·帕斯捷尔纳克。
9. University of Jena (1558) | 耶拿大学 (1558)
The University of Jena, officially known as Friedrich Schiller University Jena, was founded in 1558 by Johann Friedrich I of Saxony. It flourished during the German Romantic period, attracting thinkers like Friedrich Schiller, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, who taught there. Today, it is a research-intensive university with strengths in optics, photonics, and the life sciences, closely linked with local high-tech industries.
耶拿大学，全称弗里德里希·席勒耶拿大学，于1558年由萨克森的约翰·弗里德里希一世建立。在德国浪漫主义时期兴盛，吸引了如席勒、歌德和黑格尔等思想家前来任教。如今是一所研究型大学，在光学、光子学和生命科学领域实力突出，与当地高科技产业联系紧密。
10. University of Würzburg (1582) | 维尔茨堡大学 (1582)
The University of Würzburg was founded in 1582 by Prince-Bishop Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn. Although an earlier short-lived university existed from 1402, the continuous institutional history begins in 1582. It is home to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, who was a professor here and won the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. The university today excels in medicine, physics, and biology, and integrates several renowned research institutes.
维尔茨堡大学由尤利乌斯·埃希特·冯·梅斯佩尔布伦主教于1582年建立。尽管1402年曾有过一所短暂存在的大学，但延续至今的校史始于1582年。这里是威廉·康拉德·伦琴发现X射线的地方，他当时是该校教授，于1901年获得首届诺贝尔物理学奖。如今的维尔茨堡大学在医学、物理学和生物学方面表现卓越，并整合了多个知名研究机构。
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