Case Study Practical Exercises in Philosophy | 哲学案例分析实战演练

📚 Case Study Practical Exercises in Philosophy | 哲学案例分析实战演练

Philosophy isn’t just about big ideas from ancient thinkers; it’s about thinking clearly about everyday situations. In this article, we will practise philosophical case studies – real or imagined scenarios that challenge us to explore concepts like fairness, honesty, friendship, and responsibility. By working through these examples, you’ll learn how to ask good questions, consider different viewpoints, and build stronger arguments. Let’s get started!

哲学不仅仅是古代思想家的宏大理论，它也涉及对日常情境的清晰思考。在本文中，我们将练习哲学案例分析——那些挑战我们探索公平、诚实、友谊和责任等概念的真实或想象场景。通过分析这些例子，你将学会如何提出好问题、考虑不同观点并构建更有力的论证。让我们开始吧！

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1. What Is a Case Study? | 什么是案例分析？

A philosophical case study is a short story that invites us to think about ethical or conceptual problems. It helps us practise reasoning rather than just memorising facts. By exploring a case, we ask: What is the right thing to do? Why? What values are important? There’s often no single correct answer, but the process sharpens our thinking.

哲学案例分析是一个短小的故事，它邀请我们思考伦理或概念问题。它帮助我们练习推理，而不是死记硬背事实。通过分析一个案例，我们问：正确的事是什么？为什么？哪些价值观重要？通常没有唯一的正确答案，但这个过程能锤炼我们的思维。

In the following exercises, you will read a scenario and then think about the questions that follow. Try to imagine yourself in the situation and consider different people’s perspectives. The goal is to develop your own reasoned opinion.

在下面的练习中，你将阅读一个情境，然后思考后续的问题。试着想象自己处于那个情境中，并考虑不同人的观点。目标是形成你自己有理由的观点。

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2. Case 1: The Sharing Dilemma | 案例一：分享的困境

Sarah has one chocolate bar left and is very hungry. Her friend Tom asks for a piece. Sarah knows Tom shared his lunch with her yesterday when she forgot hers. She also knows that if she shares, she will still be hungry, but Tom would be happy. What should she do?

莎拉只剩下一块巧克力，她非常饿。她的朋友汤姆想要分一点。莎拉知道汤姆昨天在她忘记带午餐时把午餐分给了她。她也知道如果分享，自己还会饿，但汤姆会开心。她应该怎么做？

Is it ever wrong not to share? Why or why not?

不分享是不是总是错的？为什么？

Does the fact that Tom helped her in the past change what Sarah ought to do?

汤姆过去帮助过她，这一点是否改变了莎拉应该做的事？

Would your answer differ if Sarah had a medical condition that made her need the sugar urgently?

如果莎拉有医疗状况急需糖分，你的回答会改变吗？

Some might argue that sharing is a virtue that strengthens friendships. Others might say that you must take care of your own needs first. Which do you agree with and why?

有人可能认为分享是加强友谊的美德。其他人可能说必须先照顾自己的需求。你同意哪个？为什么？

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3. Case 2: The Cost of Honesty | 案例二：诚实的代价

You witness your best friend cheating in a maths test. If you report them, they might get a zero and be angry with you. If you say nothing, you feel guilty for letting dishonesty pass. Is it more important to be loyal to a friend or to uphold honesty? Can you think of a way to handle the situation without losing your friend or your integrity?

你目睹你最好的朋友在数学考试中作弊。如果报告他们，他们可能会得零分并生你的气。如果不说，你会因为让不诚实行为过关而感到内疚。忠于朋友和坚持诚实，哪个更重要？你能想到一种既不失朋友又不失正直的处理方式吗？

Does a friend have a right to expect you to keep their secret, even when it’s wrong? Why?

朋友是否有权期望你为他们保守秘密，即使是错的？为什么？

If you decide to stay silent, are you partly responsible for the cheating?

如果你决定保持沉默，你是否要对作弊承担部分责任？

What might be the long-term consequences for your friend if the cheating continues? Does that affect your decision?

如果作弊继续下去，对你的朋友有哪些长期后果？这会影响你的决定吗？

Some people say that honesty is always the best policy. Do you think there are exceptions?

有人说诚实总是上策。你认为有例外吗？

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4. Case 3: Friendship and Loyalty | 案例三：友谊与忠诚

Anna and Ben are friends. Anna tells Ben a secret: she took a small toy from a shop without paying. She asks Ben not to tell anyone. Later, Ben’s parent asks him if he knows anything about the missing toy from the shop. Should Ben keep his promise to his friend, or should he tell the truth to his parent? What if the secret was about something more serious?

安娜和本是朋友。安娜告诉本一个秘密：她从商店拿了一个小玩具没付钱。她让本不要告诉任何人。后来，本的家长问他知不知道商店丢失玩具的事。本应该遵守对朋友的承诺，还是对家长说实话？如果这个秘密涉及更严重的事情呢？

Is a promise always binding? Can a promise be broken if keeping it would cause harm?

承诺总是有约束力吗？如果遵守承诺会造成伤害，可以违背吗？

Does Ben have a greater duty to his parent or to his friend? How do you weigh competing loyalties?

本对其家长的责任更大，还是对朋友的责任更大？你如何权衡相互冲突的忠诚？

If Ben had made no explicit promise but Anna trusted him anyway, would that change his obligation?

如果本没有明确承诺，但安娜还是信任他，这会改变他的义务吗？

Think about the value of trust in friendships. Can a friendship survive if secrets are revealed for a good reason?

思考友谊中信任的价值。如果因为正当理由而泄露秘密，友谊还能维持吗？

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5. Case 4: Fair Distribution | 案例四：公平的分配

During a group project, four members did different amounts of work. Alex did most of the research, while others contributed little. The teacher gives the group a shared prize: four cinema tickets. How should the tickets be distributed? Should everyone get one because they are all group members? Or should the distribution reflect effort? What principle would be fairest?

在一次小组项目中，四名成员完成的工作量不同。亚历克斯做了大部分研究，其他人贡献很少。老师给小组一个共享奖励：四张电影票。应该如何分配这些票？每个人都应该得到一张吗，因为大家都是小组成员？还是应该根据努力程度分配？什么原则最公平？

What does fairness mean: equal treatment or treatment that matches contribution?

公平意味着什么：平等的待遇，还是与贡献相匹配的待遇？

If the group voted to split equally, would that be fair even if Alex disagrees?

如果小组投票决定平均分配，即使亚历克斯不同意，这公平吗？

Could there be a compromise, such as Alex getting two tickets and each of the others getting one?

能不能有折中方案，例如亚历克斯得两张票，其他人各得一张？

Imagine you were in Alex’s position, then imagine you were one of the others. Does your idea of fairness change?

想象你处在亚历克斯的位置，再想象你是其他人之一。你对公平的看法会改变吗？

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6. Case 5: Rules and Exceptions | 案例五：规则与例外

A school rule says no running in the corridors. One day, you see a younger child fall and hurt themselves badly. The nearest adult is far away. To get help quickly, you would need to run. Is it okay to break the rule in this situation? What makes a rule important? Are there times when breaking a rule is the right thing to do? How do we decide?

学校规定走廊里不准奔跑。一天，你看到一个小孩摔倒，伤得很重。最近的大人离得很远。要尽快求救，你需要在走廊上跑过去。这种情况下可以违反规则吗？规则为什么重要？有些时候违反规则是不是正确的？我们如何判断？

Rules are made to keep order and safety. Does following the rule in this emergency serve those purposes?

制定规则是为了维持秩序和安全。在这次紧急情况下，遵守规则能达到这些目的吗？

Could you explain your action to a teacher in a way that they would accept? What would you say?

你能向老师解释你的行为并让他们接受吗？你会怎么说？

If everyone started making exceptions whenever they felt it was necessary, would rules lose their power?

如果每个人在觉得必要时就开始例外处理，规则会不会失去效力？

Think of a time when you had to decide whether to follow a rule or do something else. What guided your choice?

想一想你曾经必须在遵守规则和做其他事之间做出决定的时刻。是什么指引了你的选择？

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7. Case 6: Courage and Fear | 案例六：勇气与恐惧

You are scared of heights, but your friend wants to try a high climbing frame at the park. You don’t want to look scared, but you also don’t want to do something that terrifies you. Is courage about not feeling fear, or doing something even when you are afraid? Should you always face your fears? What would a brave person do in your situation?

你怕高，但你的朋友想去公园爬一个很高的攀爬架。你不想显得害怕，但又不想做让自己恐惧的事。勇气是没有恐惧感，还是即使害怕也去做？你应该总是面对恐惧吗？在这种情况下，一个勇敢的人会怎么做？

Some philosophers say courage is acting rightly despite fear. What does ‘acting rightly’ mean here?

一些哲学家说，勇气是尽管害怕仍正确行事。这里的“正确行事”是什么意思？

Is there a difference between foolish risk-taking and genuine courage? Where do you draw the line?

愚蠢的冒险和真正的勇气有区别吗？你在哪里划界线？

Could it be braver to admit you are scared and not do the climb, rather than give in to peer pressure?

承认自己害怕而不去爬，是不是比屈服于同伴压力更勇敢？

Think about a time you did something even though you were afraid. What made you do it?

想想你即使害怕还是做了某事的时刻。是什么让你这样做的？

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8. Case 7: Respecting Differences | 案例七：尊重差异

In your class, someone wears clothes that are very different from everyone else because of their culture. Some students make fun of them behind their back. You think it’s wrong, but you don’t want to stand out by defending them. What should you do? Is it enough to just not join in the teasing, or do you have a responsibility to speak up? What does tolerance require?

在你班上，有人因为文化原因穿着与其他人很不一样。有些学生在背后取笑他们。你认为这不对，但又不想因为维护他们而引人注目。你应该怎么做？仅仅不参与取笑就够了吗，还是有责任站出来说话？宽容要求我们做什么？

Tolerance means accepting that people can be different. Does it also mean actively supporting those who are mocked?

宽容意味着接受人们可以不同。它是否也意味着积极支持那些被嘲笑的人？

If everyone stayed silent, how would the person being teased feel? How would the teasers’ behaviour be affected?

如果每个人都保持沉默，被取笑的人会有什么感受？取笑者的行为会受到什么影响？

What small, safe action could you take that wouldn’t make you stand out too much but still show support?

你能采取什么小而安全的行动，既不会太引人注目，又能表示支持？

Think about a time when you were different in some way. How did you want others to act?

想想你在某些方面与众不同的时刻。你希望别人怎么做？

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9. Case 8: Assigning Responsibility | 案例八：责任归属

You and your friend are playing ball near a window. Your friend throws the ball, but you distracted them by shouting just before they threw. The ball breaks the window. Who is responsible? Is it the person who threw the ball, or you for causing the distraction? Can both share responsibility? What if the distraction was accidental?

你和朋友在窗户附近玩球。你的朋友扔球，但就在扔之前你大喊分散了他的注意力。球打破了窗户。谁该负责？是扔球的人，还是分散注意力的你？可以共同负责吗？如果分散注意力是无意的呢？

To assign responsibility, we often look at what each person could have controlled. Did you have control over your shout?

为了确定责任，我们常常看每个人本可以控制什么。你对自己的喊叫有控制吗？

If you shouted on purpose to distract, does that make it more your fault? How much blame falls on your friend for throwing near a window?

如果你故意喊叫去分散注意力，这是否让错更多在你？你的朋友在窗户附近扔球要承担多少责任？

Sometimes responsibility is shared. How would you divide it in this case? 50-50? Why?

有时责任是共担的。在这种情况下你会如何划分？各一半？为什么？

What would be a fair way to make up for the broken window? Who should pay or apologise?

弥补打破窗户的公平方式是什么？谁应该赔偿或道歉？

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10. Reflection and Summary | 总结与反思

After working through these case studies, you have practised key philosophical skills: identifying ethical questions, considering multiple perspectives, and justifying your views with reasons. Remember, in philosophy there are often no single right answers, but there are better and worse arguments. Keep asking ‘why?’ and ‘what if?’ to deepen your thinking.

经过这些案例分析，你已经练习了关键的哲学技能：识别伦理问题、考虑多种视角并用理由证明你的观点。记住，在哲学中通常没有唯一正确的答案，但有好坏之分的论证。继续问’为什么？’和’如果……会怎样？’来深化你的思考。

When you encounter tricky situations in your own life, pause and think about the values that matter to you. Philosophy is not just for classrooms; it’s a tool for living thoughtfully. Well done on completing these exercises – your mind is now sharper for the next challenge.

当你在生活中遇到棘手的情况时，停下来想想对你重要的价值观。哲学不仅仅在课堂里；它是一种深思熟虑地生活的工具。完成这些练习做得很好——你的头脑已经为下一个挑战变得更加敏锐。

Published by TutorHao | Philosophy Revision Series | aleveler.com

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