Year 7 AQA English: Quick Revision Handbook of Formulas and Rules | 七年级AQA英语：公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 7 AQA English: Quick Revision Handbook of Formulas and Rules | 七年级AQA英语：公式定理速查手册

When you hear the word ‘formula’, you might imagine a science lab or a maths problem. But English has its own set of formulas too — these are the reliable patterns, structures and rules that help you write and analyse like a pro. This handbook gathers the most important ‘English formulas’ you will need for Year 7 AQA English, covering everything from sentence construction to literary analysis. Use it as your quick‑reference companion to build confidence and secure top marks.

当你听到“公式”这个词时，你可能会联想到科学实验室或数学题。但英语也有自己的一套“公式”——这些可靠的模式、结构和规则，能帮助你像专业人士一样写作和分析。这本手册汇集了你在七年级AQA英语中所需的最重要的“英语公式”，涵盖了从句子构建到文学分析的所有内容。把它当作你的快速参考伙伴，来建立自信并取得高分。

1. The ‘Formula’ for a Perfect Sentence | 完美句子的“公式”

Every complete sentence in English follows a basic formula: Subject + Verb + (Object or Complement). The subject tells you who or what is doing the action. The verb expresses the action or state. The object receives the action, while the complement gives extra information about the subject. Master this structure first, and you can then experiment with adding adjectives, adverbs and phrases to build richer sentences.

英语中每一个完整的句子都遵循一个基本公式：主语 + 动词 +（宾语或补语）。主语告诉你谁或什么在做动作。动词表达动作或状态。宾语承受动作，而补语则提供关于主语的额外信息。首先掌握这个结构，然后你就可以尝试添加形容词、副词和短语来构建更丰富的句子。

Simple sentence formula: Subject + Verb (e.g. ‘Birds sing.’)
简单句公式：主语 + 动词（例如“Birds sing.”）
Extended formula: Subject + Verb + Object (e.g. ‘The girl kicked the ball.’)
扩展公式：主语 + 动词 + 宾语（例如“The girl kicked the ball.”）
With complement: Subject + Linking Verb + Complement (e.g. ‘The sky is blue.’)
带补语的公式：主语 + 连系动词 + 补语（例如“The sky is blue.”）

Remember that a sentence must always contain a finite verb and express a complete thought. Avoid fragments and run‑ons by using the formula as your checklist.

请记住，一个句子必须始终包含一个限定动词，并表达一个完整的思想。通过把这个公式当作检查清单，你可以避免写出句子碎片和连写句。

2. Punctuation Rules: The Traffic Lights of Writing | 标点符号规则：写作中的交通信号灯

Punctuation marks are the traffic lights of writing — they control the flow, create pauses and prevent collisions between ideas. Knowing the exact ‘formula’ for each mark will instantly upgrade your writing accuracy. The most common marks for Year 7 are the full stop, comma, apostrophe, question mark, exclamation mark, and speech marks.

标点符号是写作中的交通信号灯——它们控制行文节奏，制造停顿，并防止想法之间的碰撞。了解每种符号的确切“公式”，将立即提升你写作的准确性。七年级最常用的标点是句号、逗号、撇号、问号、感叹号和引号。

Punctuation Mark	Main ‘Formula’ / Rule	Example
Full Stop (.)	Ends a statement or command.	The door closed gently.
Comma (,)	Separates items in a list; separates clauses when using connectives (FANBOYS).	We bought apples, pears, and oranges.
Apostrophe (‘)	Shows possession (add ‘s) or contraction (missing letters).	Sara’s bag; don’t (do not)
Speech Marks (” “)	Enclose direct speech; punctuation goes inside.	“I am ready,” she said.

Learn these rules as formulas: possession = owner + ‘s + thing; direct speech = opening speech marks + spoken words + punctuation + closing speech marks. Regular practice will turn them into habits.

把这些规则当作公式来学习：所有格 = 所有者 + ‘s + 物品；直接引语 = 前引号 + 说话内容 + 标点 + 后引号。定期练习会让它们变成习惯。

3. The PEEL Paragraph Structure | PEEL 段落结构

The PEEL formula is your blueprint for building powerful paragraphs in both analytical and persuasive writing. PEEL stands for Point, Evidence, Explanation, Link. This structure ensures every paragraph has a clear focus and supports your overall argument, which is exactly what AQA examiners look for.

PEEL 公式是在分析性和说服性写作中构建有力段落的蓝图。PEEL 代表观点（Point）、证据（Evidence）、解释（Explanation）和链接（Link）。这个结构确保每个段落都有明确的重点，并支持你的整体论点，这正是AQA考官所看重的。

PEEL Formula = P (Topic sentence) + E (Quotation or example) + E (Analyse effect) + L (Link back to question or next point)

PEEL 公式 = P（主题句） + E（引文或例子） + E（分析效果） + L（回扣问题或引出下一点）

Point: One clear argument in a full sentence. (e.g. ‘The writer uses violent imagery to present the storm as a dangerous beast.’)
观点：用完整的句子陈述一个清晰的论点。（例如“作者使用暴力意象，将暴风雨呈现为一头危险的野兽。”）
Evidence: A well‑chosen quotation or example from the text, embedded smoothly. (e.g. ‘The phrase “snarling winds” directly suggests an animal’s aggression.’)
证据：从文本中精选的引文或例子，并流畅地嵌入。（例如“短语‘snarling winds’直接暗示了动物的攻击性。”）
Explanation: Analyse what the evidence shows, zoom in on keywords, and discuss the effect on the reader. Use phrases like ‘This implies…’, ‘The reader feels…’, ‘This creates a sense of…’.
解释：分析证据表明了什幺，聚焦关键词，并讨论对读者的影响。使用诸如“这意味着……”“读者感受到……”“这营造了一种……”的短语。
Link: Sum up how your point answers the question, or link smoothly to the next paragraph. (e.g. ‘Thus, the storm is not just weather, but a symbol of the character’s inner turmoil.’)
链接：总结你的观点如何回答问题，或者顺畅地过渡到下一段。（例如“因此，暴风雨不仅仅是天气，而是角色内心动荡的象征。”）

Practice writing PEEL paragraphs on short extracts. Once internalised, this formula will give your essays shape and depth.

在短篇摘录上反复练习写PEEL段落。一旦内化，这个公式将赋予你的文章形状和深度。

4. Simile and Metaphor: The Compare and Contrast Formulas | 明喻与隐喻：比较与对比的公式

Two of the most powerful tools in a writer’s toolkit are similes and metaphors. Both compare two different things to create a vivid image, but each follows a distinct ‘formula’. Understanding this difference is essential for both creating your own imagery and analysing literary texts in the AQA exam.

作家工具箱中最强大的两种武器是明喻和隐喻。它们都通过比较两种不同的事物来创造生动的意象，但各自遵循一个独特的“公式”。理解这一区别对于你自己创造意象和在AQA考试中分析文学文本都至关重要。

Simile Formula: A is like B (or A is as B as C)

明喻公式：A 像 B（或 A 如同 B 一样）

Metaphor Formula: A is B

隐喻公式：A 是 B

Figure of Speech	Formula	Example	Effect
Simile	Uses ‘like’ or ‘as’	‘The moon shone like a silver coin.’	Helps the reader picture the moon’s brightness and colour.
Metaphor	States one thing is another	‘The moon is a silver coin in the sky.’	More direct and often more powerful; fuses the two images.

When analysing, always identify whether the writer used a simile or metaphor, quote the exact words, and explain what the comparison adds to the meaning. This ‘spot and explain’ formula works every time.

分析时，一定要识别作者使用了明喻还是隐喻，引用原词，并解释这种比较给意义增添了什幺。这种“定位并解释”的公式屡试不爽。

5. The Five-Part Story Arc | 五部分故事弧

Most stories, from ancient myths to modern novels, follow a classic narrative arc. This five‑part formula — Exposition, Rising Action, Climax, Falling Action, Resolution — helps you structure your own creative writing and understand the shape of stories you read. For Year 7, knowing this arc is like having a map for both reading and writing.

大多数故事，从古代神话到现代小说，都遵循一个经典的叙事弧。这个五部分公式——开端（Exposition）、上升动作（Rising Action）、高潮（Climax）、下降动作（Falling Action）、结局（Resolution）——能帮助你构建自己的创意写作，也能理解你所读故事的结构。对七年级来说，懂得这个弧线就像拥有了一张阅读和写作的地图。

Exposition (Beginning): Introduces characters, setting and the normal world. (Formula: Who + Where + What is life like?)
开端：介绍人物、背景和正常的世界。（公式：谁 + 在哪里 + 生活是什幺样的？）
Rising Action (Build‑up): A problem or conflict develops; suspense grows. (Formula: Problem introduced + Obstacles + Tension increases)
上升动作：问题或冲突发展；悬念增加。（公式：引入问题 + 障碍 + 紧张升温）
Climax (Turning Point): The moment of highest tension, when the conflict reaches its peak. Often a decision or battle.
高潮：紧张感达到最高点的时刻，冲突达到顶峰。通常是一个决定或一场战斗。
Falling Action (Consequence): The aftermath; loose ends begin to tie up. Tension eases.
下降动作：后果；零散的线索开始收束。紧张感缓解。
Resolution (End): The story ends; a new normal is established. The problem is solved or accepted.
结局：故事结束；一个新的正常状态得以建立。问题被解决或接受。

When you plan a short story, sketch this arc first. It guarantees your narrative has a clear shape and keeps the reader engaged from start to finish.

当你计划写一个短篇故事时，先勾勒出这个弧线。它能保证你的叙述有清晰的形状，并自始至终吸引读者。

6. How to Analyse a Poem in 4 Steps | 四步分析法解读诗歌

Poetry can feel mysterious, but a simple four‑step formula removes the mystery and helps you write impressive responses. Use the acronym S.T.E.P. — Subject, Technique, Emotion, Personal response. This method is perfect for AQA unseen poetry tasks.

诗歌可能感觉神秘，但一个简单的四步公式就能消除神秘感，并帮助你写出令人印象深刻的回答。使用首字母缩写 S.T.E.P. ——主题（Subject）、技巧（Technique）、情感（Emotion）、个人回应（Personal response）。这个方法非常适合AQA的非考试诗歌分析任务。

S – Subject: What is the poem literally about? Summarise the ‘story’ in one or two sentences. (Formula: This poem is about…)

S – 主题：这首诗表面上是关于什幺的？用一两句话概括“故事”。（公式：这首诗讲述了……）

T – Technique: Identify at least two poetic devices the poet uses — such as alliteration, rhyme, enjambment, simile, or metaphor. Quote the example.

T – 技巧：至少识别出诗人使用的两种诗歌手法——比如头韵、押韵、跨行连续、明喻或隐喻。引用例子。

E – Emotion: What feelings does the poem create? How does it make the reader feel? Link the emotion back to the technique. (Formula: The poet’s use of [technique] creates a feeling of…)

E – 情感：这首诗营造了什幺样的感觉？它让读者感受到什幺？把情感和技巧联系起来。（公式：诗人对[技巧]的运用营造了一种……的感觉。）

P – Personal response: What do you think about the poem? Can you connect it to something else? Always support your opinion with evidence from the text.

P – 个人回应：你对这首诗有什幺看法？你能把它和别的东西联系起来吗？始终用文本中的证据来支持你的观点。

Practise S.T.E.P. on short poems every week. Soon you will approach any poem with a calm, confident system.

每周在短诗上练习S.T.E.P.。很快你就能带着冷静自信的体系来应对任何诗歌。

7. Persuasive Writing: The AFOREST Formula | 说服性写作：AFOREST 公式

When you need to persuade a reader — in a speech, a letter, or an article — the AFOREST formula offers a checklist of techniques. Each letter stands for a different persuasive tool. Combining them makes your argument convincing and memorable.

当你需要说服读者时——无论是在演讲、书信还是文章中——AFOREST 公式提供了一个技巧清单。每个字母代表一种不同的说服工具。将它们结合起来能使你的论点既有说服力又令人难忘。

AFOREST = Alliteration, Facts, Opinions, Rhetorical questions, Emotive language, Statistics, Triples (Rule of Three)

AFOREST = 头韵、事实、观点、反问句、情感化语言、统计数据、三的法则（三重排比）

Technique	Formula / How to Use It	Example
Alliteration	Repeat the same sound at the start of nearby words (e.g. S sound).	‘Slimy, slippery snakes’
Facts	Use a statement that can be proved true.	‘Over 60% of Year 7 students enjoy reading.’
Opinions disguised as facts	Use strong words to make your view sound undeniable.	‘It is clearly the best choice.’
Rhetorical question	Ask a question that does not need an answer, to make the reader think.	‘Do we really want to live in a polluted world?’
Emotive language	Choose words that stir strong feelings (pity, anger, joy).	‘The helpless, trembling puppy’
Statistics	Use numbers or percentages to sound authoritative.	‘9 out of 10 teachers agree…’
Triples	List three adjectives, reasons, or actions for rhythm and emphasis.	‘It is fast, fun, and free.’

When planning a persuasive piece, tick off each AFOREST element. Your writing will become instantly more powerful and structured.

在规划一篇说服性文章时，逐一核对AFOREST的各项要素。你的写作将立刻变得更有力度和条理。

8. Character Analysis: The STEAL Method | 人物分析：STEAL 方法

Characters are the heart of any story. The STEAL formula helps you analyse them like a detective. STEAL stands for Speech, Thoughts, Effect on others, Actions, and Looks. By collecting evidence under these five headings, you build a complete profile of a character’s personality and motivations.

角色是任何故事的核心。STEAL 公式帮助你像侦探一样分析角色。STEAL 代表言语（Speech）、思想（Thoughts）、对他人的影响（Effect on others）、行动（Actions）和外表（Looks）。通过在这五个标题下收集证据，你可以建立一个角色个性和动机的完整档案。

STEAL Formula = What they Say + What they Think + How others React + What they Do + How they Look

STEAL 公式 = 他们说了什幺 + 他们想了什幺 + 其他人如何反应 + 他们做了什幺 + 他们看起来如何

Speech: What does the character say, and how do they say it? (Formal vs. slang, tone of voice) Quote key dialogue.
言语：角色说了什幺，以及他们是如何说的？（正式语对比俚语，语气）引用关键对话。
Thoughts: What is revealed through internal monologue or narrator’s description of their feelings? (e.g. ‘He secretly felt a surge of guilt.’)
思想：通过内心独白或叙述者对他们感受的描述揭示了什幺？（例如“他暗自涌起一阵内疚。”）
Effect on others: Do others admire, fear, or laugh at the character? This shows social relationships.
对他人的影响：其他人是钦佩、畏惧还是嘲笑这个角色？这显示了社会关系。
Actions: What does the character actually do? Actions often speak louder than words. (e.g. ‘She shared her lunch with the new student.’)
行动：角色实际上做了什幺？行动往往胜于言语。（例如“她把午餐分给了新同学。”）
Looks: Physical appearance, clothing, body language. How does the author describe them, and what does it suggest?
外表：外貌、衣着、肢体语言。作者如何描述他们，这暗示了什幺？

Use STEAL to create characters of your own as well: decide on one trait for each category, and your fictional people will feel real and round.

你还可以用 STEAL 来创造自己的角色：为每个类别确定一个特征，你虚构的人物就会显得真实而丰满。

9. The SQI Approach for Answering Questions | 回答问题的 SQI 方法

Short-answer questions in AQA English require a concise but fully supported response. The SQI formula — Statement, Quotation, Inference — ensures you never leave your answer incomplete. It is perfect for comprehension tasks and for rapid analysis of a single point.

AQA英语中的简答题要求给出简洁但论据充分的回答。SQI 公式——陈述（Statement）、引文（Quotation）、推断（Inference）——确保你永远不会给出不完整的答案。它非常适合阅读理解任务和对单一点的快速分析。

Statement (S): Make a direct point in one sentence that answers the question. (e.g. ‘The writer presents the forest as a threatening place.’)
陈述：用一句话直接陈述一个能回答问题的观点。（例如“作者将森林呈现为一个充满威胁的地方。”）
Quotation (Q): Insert a short, precise piece of evidence. Embed it into your sentence. (e.g. ‘This is clear when she describes the ‘claw‑like branches’ reaching out.’)
引文：插入一段简短精准的证据。将其嵌入你的句子。（例如“当她描述‘爪状的树枝’伸出来时，这一点就很清楚了。”）
Inference (I): Read between the lines. What deeper meaning is suggested? (e.g. ‘The simile suggests the forest is actively hostile, like a wild animal hunting.’)
推断：读出弦外之音。暗示了什幺更深层的含义？（例如“这个明喻暗示森林像一头狩猎的野兽一样充满敌意。”）

SQI can be used as a mini‑paragraph when you need to make several points quickly. Think of it as the little brother of PEEL, equally powerful in its own right.

当你需要快速阐述几个观点时，可以把SQI用作一个小型段落。可以把它看作是PEEL的小兄弟，同样具有强大的作用。

10. Spelling Rules and Patterns | 拼写规则与模式

While English spelling can seem chaotic, many words follow predictable patterns and ‘formulas’. Knowing these spelling rules will reduce mistakes and boost your writing accuracy. Here are some essential rules for Year 7.

虽然英语拼写看似混乱，但许多词都遵循可预测的模式和“公式”。了解这些拼写规则能减少错误，提高写作准确性。以下是一些七年级必备的规则。

Spelling Rule / Formula	Explanation	Examples
‘i’ before ‘e’ except after ‘c’ (when the sound is /ee/)	Use ‘ie’ for the /ee/ sound, but switch to ‘ei’ after the letter c.	believe, chief; receive, ceiling
Drop the final ‘e’ with a vowel suffix	When adding a suffix that starts with a vowel, drop the silent ‘e’.	hope -> hoping, make -> making
Double the consonant for short vowels	When adding a vowel suffix to a 1‑syllable word with a short vowel, double the final consonant.	hop -> hopping, sit -> sitting
Change ‘y’ to ‘i’ with consonant suffix	When adding a suffix that starts with a consonant, change a final ‘y’ to ‘i’ (unless the suffix is -ing).	happy -> happiness, beauty -> beautiful
Full prefix rule	When adding a prefix like un-, dis-, mis-, do not change the spelling of the root word.	unnecessary, disappear, misspell

Create your own spelling logbook and group tricky words by their rule. Every rule you master strengthens your writing foundation.

创建你自己的拼写日志，并按规则将难记的词分组。你所掌握的每一条规则都会加固你的写作基础。

11. Understanding Tone and Mood | 理解语气与情绪

Tone and mood are two closely related concepts that often appear in AQA analysis questions. A simple formula can help you distinguish them: Tone = the narrator’s or writer’s attitude towards the subject (think ‘voice’). Mood = the atmosphere the reader experiences (think ‘feeling in the room’).

语气和情绪是两个密切相关的概念，经常出现在AQA的分析题中。一个简单的公式可以帮助你区分它们：语气 = 叙述者或作者对主题的态度（可以理解为“声音”）。情绪 = 读者感受到的氛围（可以理解为“房间里的感觉”）。

To identify tone, ask: ‘How does the writer seem to feel about this topic?’ Look for word choice (formal, sarcastic, admiring). For mood, ask: ‘How does this passage make me feel?’ Look for description of setting, sensory details and the pace of sentences.

要识别语气，就问：“作者似乎对这个话题有什幺感觉？”注意用词（正式、讽刺、赞赏）。要识别情绪，就问：“这个段落让我有什幺感觉？”注意场景描写、感官细节和句子节奏。

Tone Words (Author’s attitude)	Mood Words (Reader’s feeling)
Critical, admiring, formal, informal, humorous, serious	Gloomy, tense, joyful, peaceful, mysterious, hopeful

In your answers, use the formula: ‘The writer adopts a [tone] tone, which creates a [mood] mood for the reader.’ This structure will immediately impress your examiner.

在你的回答中，使用这个公式：“作者采用了一种[语气]的语气，这为读者营造了一种[情绪]的氛围。”这种结构会让考官立刻眼前一亮。

12. The Formula for a Thesis Statement | 论点陈述的公式

A thesis statement is the backbone of any essay. It’s one sentence (or sometimes

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Year 7 AQA English: Quick Revision Handbook of Formulas and Rules | 七年级AQA英语：公式定理速查手册