📚 Year 7 AQA Geography: Key Vocabulary Quick Revision Guide | Year 7 AQA 地理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering geography vocabulary is the first step to understanding the world. This quick revision guide covers the essential terms every Year 7 student needs for the AQA curriculum, helping you ace your assessments and develop a deeper appreciation of our planet.
掌握地理词汇是理解世界的第一步。本速记指南涵盖了Year 7 AQA课程所需的核心术语，帮助你顺利通过测评，并加深对我们星球的认识。
1. Map Skills | 地图技能
Scale: Scale shows the relationship between a distance on a map and the actual distance on the ground. A scale of 1:25,000 means 1 cm on the map equals 25,000 cm (or 250 m) in real life. Always check the scale before measuring distances.
比例尺：比例尺表示地图上的距离与地面实际距离之间的关系。1:25,000 的比例尺意味着地图上 1 厘米等于实地 25,000 厘米（即 250 米）。测量距离前一定要先确认比例尺。
Contour lines: Contour lines join points of equal height above sea level. Closely spaced lines indicate a steep slope, while widely spaced lines show a gentle slope. They are essential for identifying hills, valleys and ridges.
等高线：等高线连接海平面以上高度相等的点。间距密集的等高线表示陡坡，间距稀疏的则表示缓坡。它们是识别山丘、山谷和山脊的重要工具。
Grid references: A 4-figure grid reference (e.g. 3425) locates a grid square, while a 6-figure reference (e.g. 345255) pinpoints a specific point within that square. Remember ‘along the corridor and up the stairs’.
网格坐标：四位网格坐标（如 3425）定位一个网格方格，六位坐标（如 345255）则可精确定位方格内的一个点。记住“先读横坐标，再读纵坐标”的规则。
Compass directions: The eight cardinal and intercardinal points (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW) are used to describe direction on maps. Practice giving directions using these points to describe routes.
罗盘方向：八个基本方位和中间方位（北、东北、东、东南、南、西南、西、西北）用于描述地图上的方向。练习用这些方位点描述路线。
2. Rivers | 河流
Source: The source is the starting point of a river, often in upland areas. It can be a spring, a melting glacier or a small stream. Every river begins somewhere.
源头：源头是河流的起点，通常位于高地地区。它可以是泉水、融化的冰川或一条小溪。每条河流都从某个地方开始。
Mouth: The mouth is where the river meets the sea or a lake. Deposition often forms features like deltas or estuaries at the mouth.
河口：河口是河流汇入海洋或湖泊的地方。在河口，沉积作用常常形成三角洲或港湾等地貌。
Erosion: Erosion is the wearing away of rock and soil by the river’s energy. Processes include hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition and solution. Erosion shapes valleys and gorges.
侵蚀作用：侵蚀是河水能量冲刷和搬运岩石与土壤的过程。主要方式包括水力作用、磨蚀、磨损和溶蚀。侵蚀塑造了山谷和峡谷。
Deposition: Deposition occurs when a river loses energy and drops the material it has been carrying. This happens mainly on the inside of a meander or when the river slows down.
沉积作用：当河流能量减弱、流速降低时，会将其携带的泥沙物质堆积下来，这就是沉积作用。主要发生在河湾内侧或河流减速处。
Meander: A meander is a large bend in a river. Water flows faster on the outside of the bend, causing erosion, and slower on the inside, where deposition creates a slip-off slope.
河曲/曲流：曲流是河流中的大型弯曲。水流在外侧速度较快，引发侵蚀；内侧流速较慢，沉积形成滑走坡。
3. Coasts | 海岸
Longshore drift: Longshore drift is the movement of sediment along a coastline by waves approaching at an angle. Material is shifted in a zigzag pattern, building up beaches and spits.
沿岸漂移：沿岸漂移指波浪从一定角度逼近海岸时，携带沉积物沿海滨线移动的过程。泥沙以之字形路径移动，从而堆积成海滩和沙嘴。
Headland and bay: Headlands are resistant rock outcroppings that stick out into the sea, while bays form where softer rock has been eroded back. They create a classic indented coastline.
岬角与海湾：岬角是抗侵蚀岩石向海中突出的部分，海湾则由较软岩石被侵蚀后退形成。两者共同构成典型的锯齿状海岸线。
Stack: A stack is an isolated column of rock left standing in the sea after the collapse of an arch. It is formed by continued erosion of a headland.
海蚀柱：海蚀柱是海蚀拱坍塌后留在海中的孤立岩柱。它是岬角持续遭受侵蚀的产物。
Coastal erosion: Coastal erosion involves processes like hydraulic action, abrasion, and solution acting on cliffs. Waves undercut the base, leading to cliff collapse and retreat.
海岸侵蚀：海岸侵蚀包括水力作用、磨蚀和溶蚀等过程，作用于悬崖。海浪掏空崖脚，导致崖壁崩塌和后移。
4. Weather & Climate | 天气与气候
Weather: Weather describes the day-to-day state of the atmosphere, including temperature, precipitation, wind speed and sunshine. It can change rapidly.
天气：天气描述大气的日常状态，包括气温、降水、风速和日照等。天气可以在短时间内迅速变化。
Climate: Climate is the average weather pattern of a place measured over 30 years or more. For example, the UK has a temperate maritime climate.
气候：气候是一个地方经过30年以上测量的平均天气状况。例如，英国属于温带海洋性气候。
Precipitation: Precipitation is any form of water falling from the atmosphere – rain, snow, sleet or hail. It is measured in millimetres using a rain gauge.
降水：降水是任何从大气中降落到地面的水分形式，包括雨、雪、雨夹雪或冰雹。通常使用雨量计以毫米为单位测量。
Prevailing wind: The prevailing wind is the most frequent wind direction in an area. In the UK, the prevailing wind is from the southwest, bringing warm, moist air.
盛行风：盛行风是一个地区最常见的风向。英国的盛行风来自西南方向，带来温暖湿润的空气。
Air pressure: Air pressure is the weight of the atmosphere pressing down on the Earth’s surface. High pressure usually brings settled, dry weather; low pressure is linked with cloud and rain.
气压：气压是大气压在地球表面的重量。高气压通常带来稳定、干燥的天气；低气压则与多云和降雨相关。
5. Population & Migration | 人口与迁移
Population density: Population density measures the number of people living per square kilometre. Densely populated areas have many people; sparsely populated ones have few.
人口密度：人口密度衡量每平方公里居住的人数。人口密集区人数众多；人口稀疏区人数很少。
Birth rate: The birth rate is the number of live births per 1000 people per year. A high birth rate often indicates a youthful population.
出生率：出生率是每1000人每年活产婴儿数量。高出生率通常表明人口年龄结构年轻。
Death rate: The death rate is the number of deaths per 1000 people per year. Improvements in healthcare and sanitation usually lower the death rate.
死亡率：死亡率是每1000人每年死亡的人数。医疗和卫生条件的改善通常会使死亡率下降。
Migration: Migration is the movement of people from one area to another. Push factors drive people away (e.g. war, lack of jobs), while pull factors attract them (e.g. better healthcare, opportunities).
迁移：迁移是人们从一个地区移动到另一个地区的行为。推因素驱使人离开（如战争、缺乏就业），拉因素吸引人前来（如更好的医疗、发展机会）。
6. Settlement | 定居点
Site: The site is the actual physical ground on which a settlement is built. Early settlers chose sites with good water supply, shelter, and fertile land.
地点（城址）：城址指定居点实际建造的物理地块。早期定居者会选择水源充足、遮风良好且土地肥沃的地点。
Situation: Situation describes the location of a settlement in relation to its surrounding features, such as roads, rivers and other towns. It explains why a settlement grew there.
区位（形势）：区位指定居点相对于周围地形地物（如道路、河流、其他城镇）的位置。它解释了为何某处能发展为聚落。
Function: The function of a settlement refers to its main purpose or activities, such as a market town, port, industrial centre or residential suburb.
职能：定居点的职能指其主要用途或活动，例如集市城镇、港口、工业中心或居住郊区。
Settlement hierarchy: A settlement hierarchy ranks places by size and importance. From smallest to largest: hamlet, village, town, city. Larger settlements provide more services.
定居点等级体系：定居点等级体系根据规模和重要性对聚落进行排序。从小到大依次为：小村落、村、镇、城市。规模越大的定居点提供的服务越多。
7. Tectonics & Hazards | 构造与灾害
Plate boundary: A plate boundary is the edge where two tectonic plates meet. Boundaries can be constructive (moving apart), destructive (colliding) or conservative (sliding past). Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur here.
板块边界：板块边界是两个构造板块的交界处。边界类型包括建设型（分离）、破坏型（碰撞）和保守型（错动）。大多数地震和火山都发生在板块边界。
Earthquake: An earthquake is the shaking of the ground caused by sudden movement along a fault line. The point of origin underground is the focus; the point on the surface above is the epicentre.
地震：地震是由断层突然错动引起的地面震动。地下的发震点称为震源；地表正上方的点称为震中。
Volcano: A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s crust through which magma, ash and gases erupt. Shield volcanoes have gentle slopes; composite volcanoes are steep with explosive eruptions.
火山：火山是地壳中的开口，岩浆、火山灰和气体从这里喷出。盾状火山坡度平缓；复合火山坡度陡峭，喷发猛烈。
Tsunami: A tsunami is a series of huge waves caused by underwater earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. The waves can travel at great speeds and flood coastlines.
海啸：海啸是由海底地震或火山喷发引起的一系列巨浪。海浪能以极快的速度传播，并淹没海岸线。
8. Ecosystems & Biomes | 生态系统与生物群系
Ecosystem: An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their nonliving environment. It includes producers, consumers and decomposers linked by energy flows.
生态系统：生态系统是生物群落与其非生物环境相互作用形成的统一整体。它包括生产者、消费者和分解者，并通过能量流动相互关联。
Biome: A biome is a large-scale ecosystem, such as tropical rainforest, desert or tundra. Each biome has a distinctive climate and characteristic plants and animals.
生物群系：生物群系是一种大尺度的生态系统，例如热带雨林、沙漠或苔原。每种生物群系都有独特的气候以及典型的动植物。
Food chain: A food chain shows the transfer of energy from one organism to another. It usually starts with a producer (plant), then a primary consumer (herbivore) and secondary consumer (carnivore).
食物链：食物链显示能量从一个生物转移到另一个生物的过程。通常从生产者（植物）开始，然后是初级消费者（食草动物）和次级消费者（食肉动物）。
Decomposer: Decomposers, such as fungi and bacteria, break down dead organic matter and recycle nutrients back into the soil, keeping the ecosystem healthy.
分解者：分解者如真菌和细菌，分解死亡的有机物质，将营养物质回收到土壤中，从而维持生态系统的健康。
9. Geographical Enquiry | 地理探究
Primary data: Primary data is information you collect yourself through fieldwork, such as measurements, surveys or observations. It is original and directly relevant to your enquiry.
一手数据：一手数据是你通过实地考察亲自收集的信息，例如测量、调查问卷或观察记录。这些数据是原始且与你的探究直接相关的。
Secondary data: Secondary data is information gathered by someone else, like census reports, maps, books or websites. It helps provide context and background for your study.
二手数据：二手数据是由他人收集的信息，如人口普查报告、地图、书籍或网站。它能够为你的研究提供背景和补充信息。
Hypothesis: A hypothesis is a testable statement about what you expect to find in your investigation. For example: ‘Pedestrian numbers will be higher near the town centre.’
假设：假设是一个可验证的陈述，说明你在调查中预期发现的结果。例如：“镇中心附近的行人流量会更高。”
Fieldwork: Fieldwork is any activity that takes you outside the classroom to collect data. It includes traffic counts, river measurements, questionnaires and environmental surveys.
实地考察：实地考察是任何将你带出教室收集数据的活动。包括交通流量计数、河流测量、问卷调查和环境评估。
10. Key Geographical Concepts | 地理核心概念
Sustainability: Sustainability means meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It links economic, social and environmental aspects.
可持续性：可持续性指在满足当代人需求的同时，不损害后代人满足其需求的能力。它涉及经济、社会和环境三个方面。
Interdependence: Interdependence describes how places and people rely on each other for goods, services, ideas and resources. Global trade is a prime example.
相互依赖：相互依赖描述了不同地区和人群在商品、服务、思想和资源上彼此依存的关系。全球贸易就是典型的例子。
Development: Development refers to the progress in a country’s economy and quality of life. It is measured using indicators like Gross Domestic Product (GDP), literacy rate and life expectancy.
发展：发展指一个国家经济和人们生活质量的进步。通常通过国内生产总值（GDP）、识字率和预期寿命等指标来衡量。
Globalisation: Globalisation is the increasing interconnectedness of countries through trade, communication, transport and culture. It makes the world more integrated but can sometimes increase inequality.
全球化：全球化是指各国通过贸易、通讯、交通和文化交流而日益紧密联系的过程。它让世界更一体化，但也可能加剧不平等。
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