📚 Year 7 CAIE Chemistry: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memory Guide | Year 7 CAIE 化学：词汇术语速记指南
Learning chemistry is like learning a new language. Mastering the key vocabulary and terminology early on makes experiments, equations, and concepts much easier to understand. This guide is designed to help Year 7 students quickly memorise essential chemistry terms using rhymes, word roots, visual associations, and simple explanations.
学习化学就像学习一门新语言。尽早掌握关键词汇和术语能让实验、方程式和概念更容易理解。本指南旨在帮助七年级学生通过押韵、词根、视觉联想和简单解释快速记住基础化学术语。
1. States of Matter and Phase Changes | 物质状态与相变术语
Solid: Particles are tightly packed in a fixed, regular pattern. They vibrate in place but cannot move around. A solid has a definite shape and a definite volume. Think of soldiers standing still in a parade – they keep their formation.
固体：粒子紧密排列成固定的规则图案。它们在原位振动，但无法四处移动。固体有确定的形状和确定的体积。想象阅兵式中站立不动的士兵——他们保持着队形。
Liquid: Particles are close together but can slide past each other. A liquid takes the shape of its container, flows easily, and has a fixed volume. Picture a crowd of people in a dance hall – they move but stay close.
液体：粒子彼此靠近，但可以互相滑过。液体随容器形状而变，容易流动，且具有固定的体积。想象舞厅中的人群——他们移动但彼此挨得很近。
Gas: Particles are far apart and move rapidly in all directions. A gas has no fixed shape or volume; it spreads to fill any container. Imagine a room full of bouncing superballs – they fill the space quickly.
气体：粒子相隔很远，快速向各个方向运动。气体没有固定的形状和体积；它会扩散并充满整个容器。想象满屋子弹跳的超级弹球——它们迅速填满空间。
Melting: The change from solid to liquid when heat is absorbed. The temperature at which this happens is the melting point. Ice melts at 0 °C. Memory aid: ‘melt’ rhymes with ‘felt’ – when ice melts, it feels wet.
熔化：固体吸收热量变成液体的过程。发生该变化的温度即为熔点。冰在 0 °C 熔化。记忆窍门：’melt’ 与 ‘felt’ 押韵——冰熔化时摸起来是湿的。
Freezing: The change from liquid to solid when heat is released. Water freezes at 0 °C. Think of a freezer – it makes things solid.
凝固：液体释放热量变成固体的过程。水在 0 °C 凝固。联想冰箱的冷冻室（freezer）——它让东西变硬。
Boiling: The rapid change from liquid to gas that happens throughout the liquid, with bubbles forming. Water boils at 100 °C. Memory hook: ‘boiling’ sounds like ‘bubbling’.
沸腾：整个液体中快速发生的由液态变为气态的过程，伴有气泡产生。水在 100 °C 沸腾。记忆钩子：‘boiling’ 听起来像 ‘bubbling’（冒泡）。
Evaporation: The slow change from liquid to gas that happens only at the surface. Puddles dry up by evaporation – no bubbles needed. It occurs at any temperature.
蒸发：仅在液体表面发生的缓慢的液态变为气态过程。水坑通过蒸发变干——无需气泡。任何温度下均可发生。
Condensation: The change from gas to liquid when gas cools. Water droplets on a cold glass come from condensation. Think of ‘condense’ – gas particles come together and stick.
冷凝：气体冷却时由气态变为液态的过程。冷玻璃杯上的水珠就是冷凝形成的。联想 ‘condense’——气体粒子聚拢并黏结在一起。
Sublimation: The change from solid directly to gas without becoming a liquid. Dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) sublimes. A good trick: ‘sub’ means under, but here it leaps over the liquid stage.
升华：固体不经过液态直接变为气体的过程。干冰（固态二氧化碳）会升华。一个好玩的诀窍：‘sub’ 本意是“在下面”，但这里它跳过了液态阶段。
2. Classifying Matter: Elements, Compounds and Mixtures | 物质分类：元素、化合物和混合物
Element: A pure substance made of only one type of atom. All elements are listed on the Periodic Table. Carbon, oxygen, and gold are elements. Mnemonic: ‘Element’ – imagine a single letter (one type of atom).
元素：仅由一种原子组成的纯净物质。所有元素都列在元素周期表上。碳、氧和金都是元素。助记：‘元素’ 想象成单独的字母（一种原子）。
Atom: The smallest particle of an element that can exist. Atoms are incredibly tiny. The word comes from the Greek ‘atomos’ meaning indivisible. A fun reminder: ‘a-tom’ – a small thing you cannot cut.
原子：元素能够存在的最小粒子。原子极其微小。该词源自希腊语 ‘atomos’，意为不可分割。趣味提示：‘a-tom’——一个你切不开的小东西。
Molecule: Two or more atoms chemically bonded together. A molecule can be made of the same element (O₂) or different elements (H₂O). ‘Molecule’ reminds us of ‘mole’ (a unit), but just imagine a tiny cluster of balls.
分子：两个或以上原子通过化学键结合在一起的粒子。分子可由同种元素（O₂）或不同元素（H₂O）组成。‘molecule’ 让人联想到 ‘mole’（摩尔），但你只需想象一小团球。
Compound: A pure substance made of two or more different elements chemically joined together. Compounds have fixed proportions. Water (H₂O) is always 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom. Think of a ‘compound word’ like ‘bookworm’ – two different things stuck tight.
化合物：由两种或以上不同元素通过化学键结合而成的纯净物质。化合物具有固定的组成比例。水（H₂O）始终由2个氢原子和1个氧原子组成。联想‘复合词’如‘bookworm（书虫）’——两种不同事物紧密连结。
Mixture: Two or more substances physically combined and can be separated easily. The composition can vary. Salt water, salad, and air are mixtures. Imagine mixing LEGO bricks of different colours – they stay as they are but sit together.
混合物：两种或以上物质物理混合而成，易于分离。组成可以变化。盐水、沙拉和空气都是混合物。想象把不同颜色的乐高积木混在一起——它们各自依然如故，但放在了一起。
Pure substance: A single element or compound with a fixed composition. Pure water boils at exactly 100 °C. In chemistry, ‘pure’ means only one substance is present.
纯净物：单一的元素或化合物，具有固定的组成。纯水在恰好 100 °C 时沸腾。化学中，‘pure’ 意味着只存在一种物质。
3. Atomic Structure Basics | 原子结构基础
Nucleus: The tiny central core of an atom, containing protons and neutrons. Almost all the mass is in the nucleus. Think of the nucleus as the sun in a solar system model.
原子核：原子中心极小的核心，包含质子和中子。几乎所有的质量都集中在原子核内。把原子核想成太阳系模型中的太阳。
Proton: A positively charged particle found in the nucleus. The number of protons determines the element. Memory link: ‘pro’ = positive, ‘ton’ = heavy (tons).
质子：原子核中带正电荷的粒子。质子数决定了元素种类。记忆联法：‘pro’ 对应 positive（正），“ton” 暗示重（吨）。
Neutron: A particle in the nucleus with no charge (neutral). Neutrons help hold the nucleus together. The name gives it away: ‘neutr-al’.
中子：原子核中不带电荷（中性）的粒子。中子有助于将原子核维系在一起。名称已暗示：‘neutr-al’（中性）。
Electron: A tiny, negatively charged particle that moves around the nucleus in shells. Electrons have very little mass. ‘Electr-on’ – linked to electricity, just negative.
电子：极小的带负电荷的粒子，在电子层上绕核运动。电子的质量非常小。‘Electr-on’——与电有关，带着负电。
Electron shell: A region around the nucleus where electrons are arranged. The first shell holds up to 2 electrons, the second up to 8. Visualise an onion with layers.
电子层：原子核周围电子排布的区域。第一层最多可容纳2个电子，第二层最多8个。可视化为洋葱的层级。
Atomic number: The number of protons in an atom. It also equals the number of electrons in a neutral atom. Hydrogen has an atomic number of 1. Remember A = Z (proton number).
原子序数：原子中质子的数目。中性原子中它也等于电子数。氢的原子序数为1。记住 Z = 质子数。
Mass number: The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Carbon-12 has 6 protons and 6 neutrons, so mass number = 12. Think: mass = protons + neutrons (the heavy ones).
质量数：原子核中质子与中子的总数。碳-12 有6个质子和6个中子，所以质量数为12。联想：质量 = 质子 + 中子（重的那些）。
4. The Periodic Table: Metals and Non-metals | 元素周期表：金属与非金属
Period: A horizontal row in the Periodic Table. Elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells. Period 2 elements have two shells. ‘Period’ – a row that goes across like a timeline.
周期：元素周期表中水平的一行。同一周期的元素具有相同的电子层数。第2周期元素有两个电子层。‘Period’——像时间轴一样横跨的一行。
Group: A vertical column in the Periodic Table. Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties and the same number of electrons in the outer shell. Group 1 metals are very reactive. Think of a ‘group’ of friends in a column.
族：元素周期表中垂直的一列。同一族的元素化学性质相似，且最外层电子数相同。第1族金属非常活泼。想象成列队的一‘组’朋友。
Metal: An element that is shiny, conducts heat and electricity, and can be bent into shape (malleable). Most elements are metals and they sit on the left side of the table. Iron, copper and aluminium are metals.
金属：有光泽、能导热导电且可塑性（展性）强的元素。大多数元素是金属，位于周期表左侧。铁、铜和铝都是金属。
Non-metal: An element that is usually dull, brittle, and does not conduct electricity well (except graphite). Non-metals are found on the right side of the table. Oxygen, sulfur, and chlorine are non-metals.
非金属：通常暗淡、脆性大、导电性差（石墨除外）的元素。非金属位于周期表右侧。氧、硫和氯都是非金属。
Metalloid: An element that has properties of both metals and non-metals, found along the zigzag line. Silicon is a metalloid used in computer chips. Think of them as hybrid elements.
类金属：同时具有金属和非金属性质的一类元素，位于锯齿状边界线上。硅是用于计算机芯片的类金属。看作混合型元素。
Reactivity: How easily an element chemically reacts with other substances. For metals, reactivity often increases down a group (Group 1) but decreases for non-metals. Potassium is more reactive than sodium.
活泼性/反应性：元素与其他物质发生化学反应的难易程度。对金属而言，活泼性通常沿族向下递增（第1族），而非金属则递减。钾比钠更活泼。
5. Solutions and Solubility | 溶液与溶解度
Solute: The substance that dissolves in a solvent, usually the smaller amount. In salt water, salt is the solute. ‘Solute’ – think of the ‘lesser’ part, like a solo performer in a vast orchestra (solvent).
溶质：溶解在溶剂中的物质，通常是量较少的那部分。在盐水中，盐是溶质。‘Solute’——联想成庞大的管弦乐队（溶剂）中的独奏者。
Solvent: The substance that dissolves the solute, often a liquid. Water is called the universal solvent. Memory trick: ‘solvent’ sounds like a ‘vent’ (large space) that dissolves things.
溶剂：溶解溶质的物质，通常是液体。水被称为万能溶剂。记忆技巧：‘solvent’ 听起来像 ‘vent’（宽敞的通道），能溶解万物。
Solution: A homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent. It is transparent and does not separate on standing. Salt solution looks clear. A solution is a happy mixture that stays uniform.
溶液：溶质和溶剂形成的均一混合物。它是透明的，静置不会分层。食盐溶液看上去澄清。溶液是一种保持均匀的快乐混合物。
Soluble: Able to dissolve in a given solvent. Sugar is soluble in water. The opposite is insoluble, like sand in water. ‘Soluble’ – you can ‘solve’ a solid into a liquid.
可溶的：能够在给定的溶剂中溶解。糖可溶于水。反义词是不溶的，如沙子不溶于水。‘Soluble’——你能把一块固体“解决”到液体里。
Saturated solution: A solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute at a given temperature. Any extra solute will settle at the bottom. A saturated sponge cannot hold more water.
饱和溶液：在特定温度下含有最大溶解量的溶质的溶液。任何多余的溶质都会沉在底部。一块饱和的海绵无法再吸更多的水。
Dilute vs concentrated: A dilute solution has a small amount of solute compared to solvent; a concentrated solution has a large amount. Weak squash is dilute, neat juice is concentrated.
稀释与浓缩：稀溶液溶质量相对于溶剂很少；浓溶液则溶质量很大。稀释的果汁饮料就是稀的，原汁就是浓的。
6. Acids, Alkalis and the pH Scale | 酸、碱和pH值
Acid: A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H⁺) in water. Acids taste sour, turn blue litmus red, and have pH values less than 7. Lemon juice and vinegar contain acids. ‘Acid’ sounds sharp like a sour taste.
酸：在水中释放氢离子（H⁺）的物质。酸有酸味，使蓝色石蕊试纸变红，pH 值小于 7。柠檬汁和醋含有酸。‘Acid’ 的发音尖锐，像酸味一样。
Alkali: A soluble base that releases hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water. Alkalis feel soapy, turn red litmus blue, and have pH greater than 7. Soap and bleach are alkaline. Memory: ‘alkali’ – alkali metals make strong alkalis.
碱：可溶性的碱，在水中释放氢氧根离子（OH⁻）。碱有滑腻感，使红色石蕊试纸变蓝，pH 值大于 7。肥皂和漂白剂都是碱性的。记忆：‘alkali’——碱金属能形成强碱。
pH scale: A scale from 0 to 14 that measures how acidic or basic a solution is. pH 7 is neutral (pure water). Numbers below 7 are acidic; numbers above 7 are alkaline. Each step is a tenfold change.
pH 值标度：从 0 到 14 的标度，用于衡量溶液的酸碱度。pH 7 为中性（纯水）。小于 7 为酸性，大于 7 为碱性。每一级数值变化代表10倍差异。
| pH range | Meaning / 含义 | Example / 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 0-2 / 强酸 | Strong acid / 强酸性 | Hydrochloric acid / 盐酸 |
| 3-6 / 弱酸 | 更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
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