📚 Year 7 CIE Computer Science: Core Knowledge Review | Year 7 CIE 计算机：核心知识点梳理
In Year 7 CIE Computer Science, students begin by exploring what a computer actually is and how it functions within the wider digital world. This foundational stage introduces the key building blocks of computing, from physical hardware to logical software, and from basic data representation to early programming concepts. The following review covers the essential knowledge areas that every Year 7 learner should master, helping to build a solid base for future studies.
在 Year 7 CIE 计算机课程中，学生首先要探索计算机到底是什么，以及它在更广泛的数字世界中是如何运作的。这个基础阶段介绍了计算的关键构建模块，从物理硬件到逻辑软件，从基础的数据表示再到早期的编程概念。以下回顾涵盖了每个 Year 7 学习者都应掌握的核心知识领域，有助于为未来的学习打下坚实基础。
1. What is a Computer System? | 什么是计算机系统？
A computer system is a combination of hardware and software that works together to process data. Hardware refers to the physical parts you can touch, like the monitor, keyboard, and internal components. Software consists of the instructions that tell the hardware what to do. Every computer system follows the input-process-output model: it takes data in (input), manipulates it (process), and then produces a result (output).
计算机系统是硬件和软件的组合，它们协同工作来处理数据。硬件指你可以触摸到的物理部件，例如显示器、键盘和内部组件。软件则由告诉硬件该做什么的指令组成。每一个计算机系统都遵循输入-处理-输出模型：接收数据（输入），处理数据（处理），然后产生结果（输出）。
Understanding this basic model is crucial because it applies to all computing devices, from a smartphone to a supercomputer. For example, when you type a letter on a keyboard (input), the word processor processes the keystrokes (process), and displays the character on the screen (output).
理解这个基本模型至关重要，因为它适用于所有计算设备，从智能手机到超级计算机。例如，当你在键盘上输入一个字母时（输入），文字处理器处理这些按键（处理），并在屏幕上显示出该字符（输出）。
2. Hardware Components | 硬件组件
The main hardware components inside a typical computer include the central processing unit (CPU), memory (RAM and ROM), and storage devices. The CPU is often called the brain of the computer; it carries out instructions and performs calculations. RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile memory that temporarily holds data and programs currently in use, while ROM (Read-Only Memory) is non-volatile and contains essential startup instructions.
一台典型计算机内部的主要硬件组件包括中央处理器（CPU）、存储器（RAM 和 ROM）以及存储设备。CPU 常被称为计算机的大脑；它执行指令并进行计算。RAM（随机存取存储器）是一种易失性存储器，临时保存当前正在使用的数据和程序，而 ROM（只读存储器）是非易失性的，包含基本的启动指令。
Secondary storage, such as hard disk drives (HDD) and solid-state drives (SSD), provides long-term storage for files and applications. Unlike RAM, data on a hard drive remains even when the power is turned off. Input devices (keyboard, mouse, touchscreen) send data to the computer, and output devices (monitor, printer, speakers) show the results.
辅助存储器，如硬盘驱动器（HDD）和固态硬盘（SSD），为文件和应用程序提供长期存储。与 RAM 不同，硬盘上的数据即使断电也会保留。输入设备（键盘、鼠标、触摸屏）将数据发送到计算机，而输出设备（显示器、打印机、扬声器）则展示结果。
3. Software Categories | 软件的分类
Software can be divided into two main categories: system software and application software. System software includes the operating system (like Windows, macOS, or Linux) and utility programs. The operating system manages hardware resources, provides a user interface, and allows application software to run. Utility software performs maintenance tasks, such as virus scanning or disk cleanup.
软件可以分为两大类：系统软件和应用软件。系统软件包括操作系统（如 Windows、macOS 或 Linux）和实用程序。操作系统管理硬件资源、提供用户界面，并允许应用软件运行。实用软件则执行维护任务，例如病毒扫描或磁盘清理。
Application software is designed to help users perform specific tasks. Examples include word processors, spreadsheets, web browsers, and games. When you use a drawing program to create a picture, you are interacting with application software that runs on top of the system software.
应用软件旨在帮助用户完成特定任务。例如文字处理器、电子表格、网页浏览器和游戏。当你使用绘画程序创作一幅画时，你正在与运行在系统软件之上的应用软件进行交互。
4. Input and Output Devices | 输入与输出设备
Input devices allow us to send data and control signals to a computer. Common input devices include the keyboard for text entry, the mouse for pointing and clicking, touchscreens that combine display and input, microphones for sound, and scanners for converting physical documents into digital form. Sensors such as thermometers and light detectors also serve as input devices in automatic systems.
输入设备使我们能够将数据和控制信号发送到计算机。常见的输入设备包括用于文本输入的键盘、用于指向和点击的鼠标、结合显示和输入的触摸屏、用于声音的麦克风，以及将物理文档转换为数字形式的扫描仪。温度计和光探测器等传感器在自动系统中也充当输入设备。
Output devices display or produce the results of processing. Monitors and projectors show visual output, printers produce hard copies, and speakers output sound. Some devices, such as touchscreens and headsets with microphones, act as both input and output devices. Knowing the difference helps you understand how we interact with computers.
输出设备显示或产生处理的结果。显示器和投影仪展示视觉输出，打印机产生纸质副本，扬声器输出声音。有些设备，例如触摸屏和带麦克风的耳机，同时充当输入和输出设备。了解它们的区别有助于你理解我们是如何与计算机互动的。
5. Data Storage and Units of Measurement | 数据存储与计量单位
Computers store all data as binary digits (bits). A single bit can be either 0 or 1. Eight bits make one byte, which is the basic unit for measuring file sizes and storage capacity. From there, units grow by factors of approximately 1000: kilobyte (KB), megabyte (MB), gigabyte (GB), and terabyte (TB).
计算机将所有数据存储为二进制数字（比特）。一个比特可以是 0 或 1。八个比特组成一个字节，这是衡量文件大小和存储容量的基本单位。从字节开始，单位以大约 1000 的倍数增长：千字节（KB）、兆字节（MB）、吉字节（GB）和太字节（TB）。
| Unit 单位 | Size 大小 |
|---|---|
| 1 bit | Single binary digit 单个二进制数字 |
| 1 byte | 8 bits |
| 1 KB | 1024 bytes |
| 1 MB | 1024 KB |
| 1 GB | 1024 MB |
| 1 TB | 1024 GB |
Understanding data units helps you compare file sizes and decide what storage device to use. For instance, a short text document might be only a few kilobytes, while a high-quality video can be several gigabytes.
理解数据单位有助于你比较文件大小并决定使用哪种存储设备。例如，一个简短的文本文档可能只有几 KB，而一段高质量视频则可能有数个 GB。
6. Binary Representation | 二进制表示
Binary is a base-2 number system that uses only two digits: 0 and 1. Computers use binary because their circuits have two stable states, on and off. With combinations of bits, we can represent numbers, text, images, and sound. For example, the decimal number 5 is written as 101 in binary (1×4 + 0×2 + 1×1).
二进制是一种仅使用两个数字（0 和 1）的基数为 2 的数字系统。计算机使用二进制是因为它们的电路有两种稳定状态：开和关。通过组合比特，我们可以表示数字、文本、图像和声音。例如，十进制数 5 在二进制中写作 101（1×4 + 0×2 + 1×1）。
At Year 7 level, you learn to convert small decimal numbers to binary and understand how characters are encoded using standards like ASCII. Each character on the keyboard is assigned a unique binary number. This allows computers to store and process text consistently across different systems.
在 Year 7 阶段，你需要学习如何将较小的十进制数转换为二进制，并理解如何使用 ASCII 等标准对字符进行编码。键盘上的每个字符都被分配了一个唯一的二进制数字。这使得计算机能够在不同系统之间一致地存储和处理文本。
7. Introduction to Algorithms | 算法简介
An algorithm is a step-by-step set of instructions designed to solve a problem or complete a task. Algorithms can be used for everyday activities, like making a sandwich or getting dressed, but in computing, they are written in a way that a computer can understand. Key features of a good algorithm include clear steps, a finite number of instructions, and a definite outcome.
算法是一组用于解决问题或完成任务的逐步指令。算法可以用于日常活动，如制作三明治或穿衣服，但在计算领域，它们的书写方式需要让计算机能够理解。一个好的算法的关键特征包括清晰的步骤、有限的指令数量，以及明确的结果。
Examples of algorithms in computing include searching for a name in a list or sorting numbers from smallest to largest. When you design an algorithm, you break down a problem into smaller, manageable parts – a process called decomposition. This makes complex problems easier to tackle.
计算领域的算法示例包括在列表中搜索某个名字，或从小到大排列数字。当你设计算法时，你将要解决的问题分解为更小、更易处理的部分——这一过程称为分解。这使得复杂问题更容易处理。
8. Flowcharts | 流程图
A flowchart is a visual way of representing an algorithm using different symbols. The most common symbols are: an oval for start and end points, a rectangle for a process or instruction, a diamond for a decision (yes/no), and arrows to show the direction of flow. Flowcharts make algorithms easier to understand and help identify logical errors before coding begins.
流程图是使用不同符号来表示算法的一种可视化方式。最常见的符号有：椭圆形代表开始和结束，矩形代表一个过程或指令，菱形代表一个判定（是/否），箭头表示流程方向。流程图使算法更易于理解，并有助于在开始编码前发现逻辑错误。
When drawing a flowchart, always follow the rules: every symbol must connect with arrows, the flow should be top-to-bottom or left-to-right, and decision branches should be clearly labelled. Practising flowchart creation builds logical thinking skills essential for programming.
绘制流程图时，务必遵循规则：每个符号都必须用箭头连接，流程应为从上到下或从左到右，并且判断分支应清晰标注。练习绘制流程图可以培养编程所必需的逻辑思维能力。
9. Basic Programming Concepts | 基本编程概念
In Year 7, students are introduced to programming using blocks-based environments like Scratch or simple text-based languages. Core concepts include sequence, selection, and iteration. Sequence means executing instructions in order, one after another. Selection uses conditions (if/else) to make decisions. Iteration repeats a block of code (loops).
在 Year 7，学生通过基于积木的环境（如 Scratch）或简单的文本语言接触编程。核心概念包括顺序、选择和迭代。顺序指按顺序一条接一条地执行指令。选择通过条件（if/else）做出决策。迭代则重复执行一段代码（循环）。
Variables are also introduced as named containers that store data values, such as a score in a game. Understanding these building blocks allows learners to create simple programs, animations, and quizzes. They also learn to debug – finding and fixing errors – which is a critical skill in coding.
变量也被引入，作为存储数据值（例如游戏中的分数）的命名容器。理解这些构建模块使学习者能够创建简单的程序、动画和测验。他们还学习调试——发现并修正错误——这是编程中的一项关键技能。
10. Word Processing Skills | 文字处理技能
Word processing software, such as Microsoft Word or Google Docs, allows you to create, edit, format, and print text documents. Key skills include typing text, selecting and editing, changing font style and size, applying bold, italic, and underline, and aligning paragraphs. You also learn to use spell check and grammar tools to improve writing accuracy.
文字处理软件，如 Microsoft Word 或 Google Docs，允许你创建、编辑、格式化并打印文本文档。关键技能包括输入文本、选择与编辑、更改字体样式和大小、应用粗体、斜体和下划线，以及对齐段落。你还要学习使用拼写检查和语法工具来提高书写的准确性。
More advanced techniques for Year 7 include inserting images, creating tables, and using headers and footers. Understanding how to save files in different formats (e.g., .docx, .pdf) and managing file organization is also an important digital literacy skill.
Year 7 更进阶的技巧包括插入图像、创建表格，以及使用页眉和页脚。理解如何以不同格式（如 .docx、.pdf）保存文件，并管理文件组织，也是一项重要的数字素养技能。
11. Spreadsheets and Data Handling | 电子表格与数据处理
Spreadsheets are used to organize, calculate, and analyse data in rows and columns. In Year 7, you learn to enter data into cells, create basic formulas (like =A1+B1), and use functions such as SUM and AVERAGE. You also format cells to display data as currency, percentages, or dates.
电子表格用于在行和列中组织、计算和分析数据。在 Year 7，你要学习如何将数据输入到单元格中，创建基本的公式（如 =A1+B1），并使用 SUM 和 AVERAGE 等函数。你还要对单元格进行格式化，以将数据显示为货币、百分比或日期。
Creating simple charts, such as bar charts and pie charts, is another essential skill. Visualizing data helps you spot patterns and present information clearly. Spreadsheet skills are widely used in science, business, and everyday life, making them a vital part of your computing education.
创建简单的图表，例如条形图和饼图，是另一项基本技能。将数据可视化有助于你发现规律并清晰地展示信息。电子表格技能广泛应用于科学、商业和日常生活中，是计算机教育的重要组成部分。
12. Networks, the Internet, and Online Safety | 网络、互联网与在线安全
A computer network is formed when two or more computers are connected together to share resources, such as files and printers. Networks can be small (LAN – Local Area Network) or cover large distances (WAN – Wide Area Network). The Internet is a global network of networks that provides services like the World Wide Web, email, and streaming.
当两台或更多计算机连接在一起以共享资源（如文件和打印机）时，就形成了计算机网络。网络可以很小（LAN – 局域网），也可以覆盖很远的距离（WAN – 广域网）。互联网是一个全球性的网络之网络，提供万维网、电子邮件和流媒体等服务。
Online safety is paramount. You must protect personal information, use strong passwords, and recognize risks like phishing and malware. Always think before sharing anything online, and know how to report cyberbullying or suspicious activity. Remember, the digital footprint you leave can be permanent.
在线安全至关重要。你必须保护个人信息、使用强密码，并识别网络钓鱼和恶意软件等风险。在线分享任何内容之前一定要三思，并知道如何举报网络欺凌或可疑活动。请记住，你留下的数字足迹可能是永久的。
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