📚 Year 7 Edexcel Media: Key Concepts & Terminology Quick Reference | 媒体关键概念与术语速查手册
Welcome to your essential quick reference for Year 7 Edexcel Media Studies. This handbook condenses key concepts, terminology, and ‘formulas’ used to analyse media texts such as film, television, magazines, and online content. Mastering these building blocks will help you deconstruct any media product and explain how meaning is created.
欢迎使用 Year 7 Edexcel 媒体研究必备速查手册。本手册浓缩了分析电影、电视、杂志和在线内容等媒体文本所需的关键概念、术语和“公式”。掌握这些构建单元将帮助你解构任何媒体产品并解释意义是如何创造的。
1. Camera Shots and Their Meanings | 镜头类型与含义
Extreme Long Shot (ELS / Establishing Shot): Shows the subject from a great distance, often used to establish location and context.
极远景 (ELS / 定场镜头): 从很远距离拍摄主体，通常用于建立地点和背景。
Long Shot (LS / Wide Shot): Frames the subject’s entire body with space around them, showing action and environment.
远景 (LS / 广角镜头): 框取主体的全身及周围空间，展示动作和环境。
Medium Shot (MS): Shows the subject from the waist up; commonly used for dialogue and character interaction.
中景 (MS): 从腰部以上拍摄主体；常用于对话和角色互动。
Close-Up (CU): Frames a person’s face or an object in detail, conveying emotion or significance.
特写 (CU): 详细框取人物的面部或物体，传达情感或重要性。
Extreme Close-Up (ECU): Focuses on a specific detail (e.g., eyes, text on a page) to emphasise its importance.
大特写 (ECU): 聚焦于特定细节（如眼睛、页面文字），强调其重要性。
Shot Size ∝ Emotional Distance (Closer = More Intimacy)
镜头尺寸 ∝ 情感距离 (越近 = 越亲密)
2. Camera Angles and Power Dynamics | 拍摄角度与力量动态
Eye-Level Angle: Camera is placed at the subject’s eye level, creating a neutral and equal relationship with the audience.
平视角度: 摄影机与被摄体眼睛同高，营造中立、平等的观众关系。
Low Angle: Camera looks up at the subject, making it appear powerful, dominant, or threatening.
仰拍角度: 摄影机从下往上拍，使主体显得强大、主导或具有威胁性。
High Angle: Camera looks down on the subject, making it appear vulnerable, weak, or insignificant.
俯拍角度: 摄影机从上往下拍，使主体显得脆弱、弱小或微不足道。
Dutch / Canted Angle: The horizon is tilted, suggesting disorientation, tension, or instability.
倾斜角度 / 荷兰角: 地平线倾斜，暗示迷失方向、紧张或不稳定。
Point-of-View (POV) Shot: Shows what a character sees, putting the audience in their position.
主观镜头 (POV): 展示角色所见，让观众置身于其位置。
Power = Angle (Low ↑ Powerful, High ↓ Weak)
力量 = 角度 (仰拍 ↑ 强大，俯拍 ↓ 弱小)
3. Lighting: The Three-Point Formula | 灯光：三点布光公式
The standard lighting setup uses three sources:
标准布光使用三个光源：
Key Light: The main light source, creating shadows and highlights, defining the mood.
主光: 主要光源，制造阴影和高光，定义氛围。
Fill Light: Softer light placed opposite the key light to soften shadows and reveal detail.
辅光: 较柔的光源，置于主光对面，柔化阴影并显现细节。
Back Light: Placed behind the subject, separating it from the background and adding depth.
轮廓光: 置于主体后方，将其与背景分离并增加深度。
Key + Fill + Back = Depth & Mood
主光 + 辅光 + 轮廓光 = 深度与氛围
High-Key Lighting: Bright, even illumination with few shadows; used in comedies, musicals, and TV sitcoms to create a cheerful mood.
高调照明: 明亮、均匀的光线，阴影少；用于喜剧、歌舞片和情景喜剧，营造愉快氛围。
Low-Key Lighting: High contrast with deep shadows; used in film noir, horror, and thrillers to create mystery or fear.
低调照明: 高对比度、深邃阴影；用于黑色电影、恐怖片和惊悚片，营造神秘或恐惧感。
4. Sound Design Rules | 声音设计规则
Diegetic Sound: Sound whose source is visible on screen or implied to be present in the story world (e.g., dialogue, footsteps, radio).
画面内声音 (Diegetic Sound): 声源在屏幕上可见或暗示存在于故事世界中的声音（如对话、脚步声、收音机）。
Non-Diegetic Sound: Sound that comes from outside the story world, added for the audience only (e.g., soundtrack, voiceover, sound effects for emphasis).
画面外声音 (Non-Diegetic Sound): 来自故事世界外、仅为观众添加的声音（如配乐、旁白、强调性音效）。
Sound Bridge: Sound from the next scene begins before the visual cut, smoothing transitions.
声音桥梁: 下一个场景的声音在画面切换前响起，使过渡平滑。
Parallel Sound: Music or effects that match the mood or action on screen (e.g., upbeat music in a happy scene).
平行声音: 与屏幕上的情绪或动作相匹配的音乐或效果（例如快乐场景中的欢快音乐）。
Contrapuntal Sound: Sound that contrasts with the visuals to create tension or irony (e.g., cheerful music over a violent scene).
对位声音: 与画面形成对比以制造张力或反讽的声音（例如暴力场景中配以欢快音乐）。
Diegetic + Non-Diegetic = Story World Soundscape
画面内声音 + 画面外声音 = 故事世界声景
5. Editing Transitions and Rhythm | 剪辑过渡与节奏
Cut: Instant change from one shot to another; most common transition.
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