📚 Year 7 Edexcel Physics: Glossary Memorisation Guide | 七年级爱德思物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the key terms in physics is like learning the words of a new language – once you know the vocabulary, everything starts to make sense. This guide is designed to help Year 7 Edexcel students quickly memorise the most important terms they will meet in forces, energy, waves, electricity, matter and space. Each section gives you a clear English definition immediately followed by its Chinese equivalent, so you can build your understanding in both languages and feel confident in lessons, homework and assessments.
掌握物理核心术语就像学习一门新语言的单词——一旦掌握了词汇，一切都会变得清晰易懂。这是一份专为七年级爱德思物理学生编写的速记指南，涵盖了力、能量、波动、电学、物质以及空间等主题中最关键的术语。每个小节都先给出清晰的英文定义，紧接着提供对应的中文释义，帮助你在双语环境中建立理解，从而在课堂、作业和测验中充满信心。
1. Forces and Motion: Essential Terms | 力与运动：基础术语
Force is a push or a pull that can change the speed, direction or shape of an object. It is measured in newtons (N).
力是能够改变物体速度、方向或形状的推或拉，单位为牛顿 (N)。
Mass tells you how much matter an object contains; it stays the same wherever you are and is measured in kilograms (kg).
质量表示物体所含物质的多少；无论你在哪里，质量都保持不变，单位是千克 (kg)。
Weight is the force of gravity pulling on a mass. On Earth the gravitational field strength is about 10 N/kg, so weight (N) = mass (kg) × 10.
重量是作用在物体上的重力大小。地球表面的引力场强度大约为 10 N/kg，因此重量 (N) = 质量 (kg) × 10。
weight = mass × gravitational field strength W = m × g
Speed tells you how fast an object is moving. Average speed can be found by dividing the total distance travelled by the time taken.
速度表示物体运动的快慢。平均速度可以用经过的总距离除以所用时间求出。
average speed = total distance ÷ total time
Friction is a force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are in contact. It can be useful (e.g. walking) or unwanted (e.g. engine wear).
摩擦力是阻碍两个接触表面相对运动的力。它可能有用（如行走），也可能带来麻烦（如引擎磨损）。
Air resistance (or drag) is a type of friction caused by air particles pushing against a moving object. It increases when you move faster or have a larger surface area.
空气阻力（也叫阻力）是空气粒子对运动物体的摩擦作用。速度越快或迎风面积越大，空气阻力就越大。
2. Energy Stores and Transfers | 能量储存与转移
Energy is the ability to do work. It is measured in joules (J) and can never be created or destroyed – only transferred or stored.
能量是做功的能力，单位是焦耳 (J)。能量既不能凭空创造也不能凭空消失，只能转移或储存。
Kinetic energy is the energy an object has because of its motion. A faster or heavier object has more kinetic energy.
动能是物体由于运动而具有的能量。速度越快或质量越大，动能就越大。
Gravitational potential energy is energy stored in an object because of its height above the ground. The higher the object, the larger the store.
重力势能是物体由于被举高而储存的能量。位置越高，重力势能的储存量就越大。
Thermal energy (internal energy) is the total kinetic and potential energy of all the particles inside a substance. Heating increases thermal energy.
热能（内能）是物质内部所有粒子动能与势能的总和。加热会增大热能。
Energy transfer can happen through heating, by a force doing work, or by an electric current. For example, a toaster transfers electrical energy into thermal energy.
能量转移可以通过加热、力做功或电流实现。比如烤面包机将电能转化为热能。
Conservation of energy states that the total energy in a closed system always stays the same; energy simply changes from one store to another.
能量守恒定律指出，孤立系统的总能量始终保持不变；能量只是从一种储存形式转变为另一种。
3. Waves – Sound | 波动 – 声音
Sound is a form of energy produced by vibrations. These vibrations travel as longitudinal waves through a medium such as air, solid or liquid.
声音是由振动产生的一种能量形式。这些振动以纵波的形式通过空气、固体或液体等介质传播。
Longitudinal wave is a wave where the particles vibrate back and forth in the same direction as the wave travels. Sound waves are longitudinal.
纵波是指介质粒子的振动方向与波的传播方向相同的波。声波就是纵波。
Frequency is the number of complete vibrations per second, measured in hertz (Hz). A high frequency gives a high-pitched sound.
频率是每秒完成振动的次数，单位是赫兹 (Hz)。频率高时音调就高。
Amplitude is the maximum distance a particle moves from its rest position. A larger amplitude means a louder sound.
振幅是粒子离开静止位置的最大距离。振幅越大，声音就越响。
Vacuum is a space with no particles. Sound cannot travel through a vacuum because there are no particles to vibrate.
真空是没有粒子的空间。声音不能在真空中传播，因为没有粒子可以振动。
Echo is a reflected sound wave. It is produced when sound bounces off a hard surface and travels back to the listener.
回声是反射的声波。当声音碰到硬表面并返回听者处时就产生了回声。
4. Waves – Light | 波动 – 光
Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation that travels in straight lines at a speed of 300,000,000 m/s in a vacuum. It can travel through empty space.
光是一种电磁辐射，在真空中沿直线传播，速度约为 300,000,000 m/s。光可以在真空中传播。
Reflection happens when light bounces off a surface. The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
反射是光线碰到表面并反弹的现象。入射角等于反射角。
Refraction is the bending of light when it passes from one transparent material to another (e.g. air to glass) because the speed of light changes.
折射是光线从一种透明介质进入另一种介质（如从空气到玻璃）时由于光速改变而发生的弯曲现象。
Dispersion occurs when white light splits into the colours of the spectrum (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet) by a prism or water droplets. A rainbow is a natural example.
色散指的是白光被棱镜或水滴分解成光谱颜色（红、橙、黄、绿、蓝、靛、紫）的现象。彩虹就是一个天然的色散例子。
Opaque, translucent and transparent describe how materials behave with light. Opaque blocks light, translucent scatters it, and transparent lets light pass through clearly.
不透明、半透明和透明描述材料对光的作用。不透明材料阻挡光线，半透明材料散射光线，透明材料让光线清晰通过。
5. Electricity and Circuits | 电与电路
Current is the flow of electric charge around a circuit. It is measured in amperes (A) and can be thought of as the number of charges passing a point each second.
电流是电荷在电路中的流动，单位是安培 (A)。可以理解为每秒通过某点的电荷数量。
Voltage (potential difference) is the push that drives current around a circuit. It is measured in volts (V).
电压（电势差）是推动电流在电路中流动的“推力”，单位是伏特 (V)。
Resistance is how difficult it is for current to flow. It is measured in ohms (Ω). Thin wires or extra components increase resistance.
电阻表示电流流动的难易程度，单位是欧姆 (Ω)。细导线或增加的元件会增大电阻。
Series circuit has only one path for the current. If one component breaks, the whole circuit stops working.
串联电路只有一条电流通路。如果一个元件损坏，整个电路就会停止工作。
Parallel circuit has more than one path (branch) for the current. Each component gets the full battery voltage, and others can still work if one branch fails.
并联电路有多条电流通路（支路）。每个支路获得电池提供的全部电压，且即使一条支路断开，其他支路仍可工作。
Conductor and insulator – metals such as copper are good conductors allowing charge to flow easily. Plastics and wood are insulators that block current.
导体与绝缘体——铜等金属是良导体，能够轻易让电荷通过；塑料和木材是绝缘体，会阻碍电流。
6. The Particle Model of Matter | 物质的粒子模型
Particle model explains that all substances are made up of tiny particles that are constantly moving. The arrangement and motion of these particles determine whether the substance is a solid, liquid or gas.
粒子模型指出所有物质都由不断运动的微小粒子组成。粒子的排列方式和运动状态决定了物质是固体、液体还是气体。
Solid – particles are packed closely in a fixed, regular pattern and can only vibrate in place. Solids have a definite shape and volume.
固体——粒子紧密排列成固定的规则结构，只能在原地振动。固体有确定的形状和体积。
Liquid – particles are still close together but can move around each other, so liquids can flow and take the shape of their container.
液体——粒子仍然彼此靠近，但可以相互滑动，因此液体能够流动并盛装容器的形状。
Gas – particles are far apart, move quickly in all directions, and fill any available space. Gases have no fixed shape or volume.
气体——粒子相距很远，快速向各个方向运动并充满任何可用空间。气体没有固定的形状和体积。
Diffusion is the spreading out of particles from a high-concentration area to a low-concentration area. It happens fastest in gases.
扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域散开的过程。在气体中扩散最快。
Pressure in gases is caused by particles colliding with the walls of their container. More collisions or faster particles increase the pressure.
气体压强是气体粒子撞击容器壁产生的。碰撞次数越多或粒子速度越快，压强就越大。
7. Space and the Solar System | 空间与太阳系
Solar System is made up of the Sun, eight planets, their moons, dwarf planets, asteroids and comets. Everything orbits the Sun because of its massive gravitational pull.
太阳系由太阳、八大行星、卫星、矮行星、小行星和彗星组成。由于太阳巨大的引力，所有天体都围绕它运行。
Planet order from the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. A useful mnemonic is ‘My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles’.
行星顺序从太阳向外：水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星、海王星。记忆口诀：‘水金地火木土天海’。
Gravity is the force of attraction between any two masses. The Sun’s gravity keeps planets in orbit; Earth’s gravity keeps us on the ground.
重力（引力）是任意两个有质量的物体之间的吸引力。太阳的引力使行星保持在轨道上；地球的引力使我们留在地面。
Day and night are caused by Earth rotating (spinning) on its axis once every 24 hours. The half facing the Sun experiences day; the other half has night.
昼夜交替是由地球每 24 小时绕地轴自转一圈引起的。面向太阳的一半是白昼，背向太阳的一半是黑夜。
Seasons result from Earth’s tilted axis and its orbit around the Sun. When the Northern Hemisphere tilts towards the Sun it experiences summer.
季节变化由地轴倾斜和地球绕太阳公转共同引起。北半球朝向太阳倾斜时就是夏季。
8. Measurement and Units | 测量与单位
In physics every measurement consists of a number and a unit. Using standard SI units ensures everyone means the same thing.
在物理中，每个测量结果都由一个数值和一个单位构成。采用国际单位制 (SI) 可以保证所有人的测量标准一致。
| Physical Quantity 物理量 | SI Unit 国际单位 | Symbol 符号 |
|---|---|---|
| Length 长度 | metre 米 | m |
| Mass 质量 | kilogram 千克 | kg |
| Time 时间 | second 秒 | s |
| Temperature 温度 | degree Celsius 摄氏度 | °C |
| Force 力 | newton 牛顿 | N |
| Energy 能量 | joule 焦耳 | J |
Accuracy means how close a measured value is to the true value. A single reading taken with a broken scale might not be accurate.
准确性表示测量值接近真实值的程度。用已损坏的刻度尺测得的一个读数可能不准确。
Precision relates to the smallest division on a measuring device. A ruler with millimetre marks is more precise than one with only centimetre marks.
精确度与测量仪器的最小刻度有关。有毫米刻度的尺子就比只有厘米刻度的尺子更精确。
9. Working Scientifically: Investigation Terms | 科学探究：实验术语
Independent variable is the factor you change deliberately in an experiment. For example, the length of a spring when investigating extension.
自变量是你在实验中故意改变的因素。例如在研究弹簧伸长时改变弹簧的长度。
Dependent variable is the factor you measure or observe; it depends on the independent variable. In the spring experiment, extension is the dependent variable.
因变量是你测量或观察的因素，它的变化依赖于自变量。在弹簧实验中，伸长量就是因变量。
Control variables are factors you keep the same to make the experiment fair. Without controlling them, you cannot be sure which variable caused any change.
控制变量是你在实验中保持不变的因素，以保证实验的公平性。如果不控制这些变量，你就无法确定是哪一因素引起了变化。
Hypothesis is a testable statement predicting what will happen in an experiment, often written as ‘If … then …’
假设是一个可检验的陈述，预测实验中会发生什么，通常写成‘如果……那么……’的形式。
Reliable results are results that can be repeated and reproduced. Repeating readings and calculating a mean improves reliability.
可靠的结果是指能够被重复和再现的结果。多次读数并计算平均值可以提高可靠性。
Conclusion is a summary of what you found out from the experiment, backed by evidence. It should refer back to the hypothesis.
结论是对实验发现的总结，由证据支持，并应当回应最初的假设。
10. Quick Memorisation Tips | 快速记忆技巧
Create simple flashcards with the term on one side and the definition plus a diagram on the other. Review them for a few minutes every day – spaced repetition helps move information into long-term memory.
制作简单的抽认卡，一面写术语，另一面写定义并配上简图。每天花几分钟复习——间隔重复能帮助信息进入长期记忆。
Link new words to something you already know. For example, ‘amplitude’ sounds like ‘amplifier’, which makes music louder – and large amplitude means loud sound.
把新词和你已知的事物联系起来。例如‘amplitude’（振幅）听起来像‘amplifier’（放大器），扩音器能让音乐更响亮——振幅大声音就响。
Use mnemonics to remember orders and groups. ‘My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles’ helps recall the planets; for energy stores think ‘Keep Great Tea Hot’ (Kinetic, Gravitational potential, Thermal, …).
运用助记口诀记住顺序和分组。‘My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles’帮助回忆行星顺序；对于能量储存，可以用‘Keep Great Tea Hot’（动能、重力势能、热能……）。
Draw labelled diagrams. The act of drawing a parallel circuit, a wave shape or particle arrangements fixes the vocabulary in your visual memory, making recall much faster in exams.
画出带标注的示意图。画一个并联电路、波形或粒子排列的过程能将词汇固定在视觉记忆中，考试时就能更快地回想起来。
Say the words out loud in both English and Chinese. Hearing your own voice strengthens the memory links between the term and its meaning in two languages.
大声读出英文和中文术语。听到自己的声音可以强化术语与双语释义之间的联系。
Finally, teach someone else – a friend or family member. Explaining the difference between mass and weight or current and voltage is one of the most effective ways to cement your understanding.
最后，试着教别人——给朋友或家人讲解。能解释清楚质量与重量、电流与电压的区别，是巩固理解最有效的方法之一。
Published by TutorHao | Physics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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