📚 Year 7 SQA Computing: Core Knowledge Points | 核心知识点梳理
In Year 7 SQA Computing, students begin to explore the fundamental concepts of computer science, digital literacy, and information technology. This foundational stage builds essential skills in computational thinking, programming, and understanding how digital systems work. The SQA curriculum for this level is designed to develop problem-solving abilities and responsible digital citizenship, preparing learners for further study and everyday life in a technology-driven world.
在Year 7 SQA计算机课程中，学生开始探索计算机科学、数字素养和信息技术的基本概念。这个基础阶段培养计算思维、编程能力以及对数字系统运作方式的理解。该级别的SQA课程旨在提升学生的问题解决能力和负责任的数字公民意识，为未来的学习和科技驱动的日常生活做好准备。
1. Computational Thinking | 计算思维
Computational thinking is a problem-solving approach that uses concepts from computer science. It involves four key techniques: decomposition, pattern recognition, abstraction, and algorithm design.
计算思维是一种运用计算机科学概念的问题解决方法。它包含四项关键技术：分解、模式识别、抽象和算法设计。
Decomposition means breaking a complex problem into smaller, more manageable parts. For example, planning a school event can be divided into tasks like booking a venue, arranging food, and sending invitations.
分解是指将复杂问题拆分成更小、更易于管理的部分。例如，策划一场学校活动可以分解为预订场地、安排餐饮和发送邀请等任务。
Pattern recognition involves finding similarities or trends within problems. Recognising that a shopping list and a to-do list both involve ordering items helps in designing software for lists.
模式识别涉及寻找问题中的相似之处或趋势。认识到购物清单和待办事项列表都涉及项目排序，有助于设计列表软件。
Abstraction focuses on identifying the important information and ignoring irrelevant details. When creating a map of a school, you only need to show walls and doors, not the colour of the paint.
抽象侧重于识别重要信息并忽略不相关的细节。在制作学校地图时，你只需要标出墙壁和门，而不需要标出油漆的颜色。
Algorithm design is the process of creating a step-by-step solution to a problem. Recipes and instruction manuals are everyday examples of algorithms.
算法设计是为问题创建分步解决方案的过程。食谱和说明书就是日常生活中的算法示例。
2. Algorithms and Flowcharts | 算法与流程图
An algorithm is a precise set of instructions to complete a task. In computing, algorithms must be unambiguous and efficient. They often use three basic structures: sequence, selection, and iteration.
算法是完成某项任务的精确指令集。在计算机中，算法必须明确且高效。它们通常使用三种基本结构：顺序、选择和迭代。
Sequence means executing instructions one after another in order. For example, a morning routine: wake up, brush teeth, get dressed.
顺序是指按次序一条接一条地执行指令。例如，早晨的例行程序：起床、刷牙、穿衣服。
Selection involves making a decision based on a condition, such as ‘if it is raining, take an umbrella’. In programming, this is implemented with IF…THEN…ELSE statements.
选择涉及根据条件做出决策，例如“如果下雨，就带伞”。在编程中，这通过 IF…THEN…ELSE 语句来实现。
Iteration means repeating a set of instructions, either a fixed number of times (count-controlled loop) or until a condition is met (condition-controlled loop). An example is stirring a mixture until it is smooth.
迭代是指重复执行一组指令，可以是固定次数（计数控制循环），或者直到满足某个条件（条件控制循环）。例如，搅拌混合物直到它变得光滑。
Flowcharts use standard symbols to visually represent algorithms. An oval represents start/end, a rectangle represents a process, a diamond indicates a decision, and arrows show the flow of control.
流程图使用标准符号来直观地表示算法。椭圆形表示开始/结束，矩形表示处理步骤，菱形表示决策，箭头表示控制流。
3. Programming Basics | 编程基础
In Year 7, students are introduced to programming through block-based environments like Scratch or text-based languages such as Python (simple scripts). They learn to create sequences, use variables, and handle inputs and outputs.
在Year 7，学生通过基于块的编程环境（如Scratch）或基于文本的语言（如Python的简单脚本）接触编程。他们学习创建序列、使用变量以及处理输入和输出。
A variable is a named container that stores data, such as a score in a game. The value of a variable can change as the program runs.
变量是一个有名字的容器，用于存储数据，例如游戏中的分数。变量的值可以在程序运行过程中改变。
Input is data given to a program, like a user typing their name. Output is the result the program produces, such as displaying ‘Hello, name!’ on the screen.
输入是程序接收的数据，比如用户输入他们的名字。输出是程序产生的结果，例如在屏幕上显示“Hello, 名字!”。
Sequencing instructions correctly is crucial; an incorrect order can cause a Sprite to move before a backdrop changes, leading to unexpected behaviour.
正确编排指令顺序至关重要；错误的顺序可能导致角色在背景改变之前移动，从而引发意外行为。
Simple debugging strategies, such as reading code line by line, help identify and fix errors (bugs).
简单的调试策略，如逐行阅读代码，有助于发现并修复错误（bug）。
4. Data Representation | 数据表示
All data inside a computer is represented using binary digits (bits), which are 0s and 1s. A group of 8 bits is called a byte.
计算机内部的所有数据都使用二进制数字（比特）来表示，即0和1。8个比特构成一个字节。
Binary can represent numbers using place values that are powers of 2. For example, the binary number 1101₂ equals 1×2³ + 1×2² + 0×2¹ + 1×2⁰ = 13 in decimal.
二进制可以使用2的幂作为位值来表示数字。例如，二进制数1101₂ 等于 1×2³ + 1×2² + 0×2¹ + 1×2⁰ = 十进制13。
Text is represented by character codes, such as ASCII, where each letter is assigned a unique binary number. For instance, ‘A’ is 65 (binary 01000001).
文本通过字符编码表示，例如ASCII码，每个字母分配一个唯一的二进制数。例如，’A’ 是65（二进制01000001）。
Images are made up of pixels, and each pixel’s colour is stored as a binary number. The more bits per pixel, the more colours can be represented.
图像由像素组成，每个像素的颜色以二进制数存储。每个像素使用的比特数越多，可表示的颜色就越多。
5. Computer Hardware | 计算机硬件
Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system. The central processing unit (CPU) is the ‘brain’ that executes instructions and processes data.
硬件指的是计算机系统的物理组件。中央处理器（CPU）是执行指令和处理数据的“大脑”。
Input devices allow users to send data to the computer, such as a keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, or microphone. Output devices present data from the computer, like a monitor, speakers, or printer.
输入设备允许用户向计算机发送数据，例如键盘、鼠标、触摸屏或麦克风。输出设备呈现计算机的数据，如显示器、扬声器或打印机。
Primary storage, or RAM (Random Access Memory), holds data and programs currently in use. It is volatile, meaning its contents are lost when the power is turned off. Secondary storage, like a hard disk drive (HDD) or solid-state drive (SSD), retains data permanently.
主存储器，即随机存取存储器（RAM），保存当前正在使用的数据和程序。它是易失性的，意味着断电后内容会丢失。辅助存储器，如硬盘（HDD）或固态硬盘（SSD），则永久保存数据。
The motherboard connects all hardware components, allowing them to communicate. Ports and connectors (USB, HDMI) provide external interfaces.
主板连接所有硬件组件，使它们能够相互通信。端口和连接器（USB、HDMI）提供外部接口。
6. Computer Software | 计算机软件
Software is a set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do. It can be divided into system software and application software.
软件是一组指令，告诉硬件该做什么。它可以分为系统软件和应用软件。
Operating systems (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux) are system software that manage computer resources, provide a user interface, and allow other software to run.
操作系统（如Windows、macOS、Linux）是系统软件，管理计算机资源、提供用户界面并允许其他软件运行。
Application software performs specific tasks for users, such as word processors, spreadsheets, web browsers, and games.
应用软件为用户执行特定任务，例如文字处理器、电子表格、网页浏览器和游戏。
Software can be proprietary (closed source, paid) or open source (free to use, modify, and distribute). Examples include Microsoft Office vs LibreOffice.
软件可以是专有的（闭源、付费）或开源的（可自由使用、修改和分发）。例如，Microsoft Office 与 LibreOffice。
7. Networks and the Internet | 网络与互联网
A network connects two or more computers to share resources and data. A Local Area Network (LAN) covers a small geographical area, like a school or home. A Wide Area Network (WAN) connects networks over large distances, such as the internet.
网络将两台或多台计算机连接起来以共享资源和数据。局域网（LAN）覆盖较小的地理范围，如学校或家庭。广域网
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