📚 Year 8 CIE Philosophy: Vocabulary Quick-Memorisation Guide | Year 8 CIE 哲学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering philosophical vocabulary is the first step to thinking clearly, writing persuasively and scoring high marks in your CIE assessments. This guide breaks down essential terms into memorable, bite-sized explanations, complete with memory hacks that turn abstract concepts into lasting knowledge.
掌握哲学词汇是清晰思考、有力写作并在 CIE 评估中取得高分的第一步。这份指南将核心术语拆解成易于记忆的小块讲解，并配有记忆妙招，让抽象概念变成长久不忘的知识。
1. Philosophy Core Terms | 哲学核心术语
Philosophy comes from the Greek ‘philo’ (love) and ‘sophia’ (wisdom). It is the activity of using reason to examine fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values and reason itself.
哲学源自希腊语“philo”（爱）和“sophia”（智慧）。它是运用理性去审视存在、知识、价值及理性本身等根本问题的活动。
Memory tip: Picture a philosopher as a ‘wisdom lover’ with a question mark above their head. Connect ‘sophia’ to ‘sophisticated’ – wisdom makes thinking sophisticated.
记忆提示：把哲学家想象成一位头顶问号的“智慧爱好者”。将“sophia”与“sophisticated”（精密的）联系起来 —— 智慧让思维变得精密。
Wisdom is not just knowing facts but applying good judgement in real-life situations. In philosophy, it often refers to deep understanding of what matters most in a good life.
智慧不只是知道事实，更是在现实生活中运用良好的判断力。在哲学里，它通常指对美好人生中什么最为重要的深刻理解。
Memory tip: Compare wisdom to a compass that guides decisions; knowledge is the map. Use the phrase ‘wise choices’ to recall that wisdom involves action.
记忆提示：将智慧比作指引决策的指南针；知识则是地图。用“明智的选择”这个短语来记住智慧包含了行动。
An argument in philosophy is a set of statements where one or more premises are offered as reasons to support a conclusion. It is not a shouting match.
哲学中的论证是一组陈述，其中一个或多个前提被提出作为支持结论的理由。它不是吵架。
Memory tip: Think of ‘premises’ as the legs of a table and the ‘conclusion’ as the tabletop. Without strong legs, the top falls.
记忆提示：把“前提”想象成桌腿，“结论”则是桌面。没有坚实的桌腿，桌面就会倒塌。
2. Epistemology: The Study of Knowledge | 认识论：知识的研究
Epistemology (from Greek ‘episteme’, knowledge, and ‘logos’, study) examines what knowledge is, how we acquire it and how we can justify our beliefs.
认识论（源自希腊语“episteme”知识与“logos”研究）探讨知识是什么、我们如何获得知识以及如何为我们的信念提供辩护。
Memory tip: Break it as ‘eh-pis-te-MOL-o-gy’. Visualise a detective with an ‘epi-pen’ writing ‘knowledge is power’ on a log. It helps link ‘episteme’ to ‘episode’ – each episode of learning gives you a piece of knowledge.
记忆提示：拆分为“epis-te-mology”。想象一个侦探手握“epi-pen”在一根原木上写下“知识就是力量”。将“episteme”与“episode”（片段）联系——每一个学习片段都给你一块知识。
Knowledge is traditionally defined as ‘justified true belief’. You must believe something, it must be true, and you must have good reasons or evidence for holding that belief.
知识传统上被定义为“被辩护的真信念”。你必须相信某事，它必须是真的，并且你必须有好的理由或证据来持有那个信念。
Memory tip: Remember ‘JTB’ – Justified, True, Belief. Think of a judge accepting a case (belief) with proof (justification) that matches reality (truth).
记忆提示：记住“JTB”——被辩护的、真的、信念。想象一位法官接受一个案子（信念），该案子有证明（辩护）且与事实相符（真）。
Belief is a mental attitude of acceptance that a statement is true. It does not require proof, unlike knowledge.
信念是一种认为某陈述为真的心理接受态度。与知识不同，它不要求证明。
Memory tip: Belief is the ‘B’ in JTB. Picture a trust fall – you believe your friends will catch you even before you see them do it.
记忆提示：信念是 JTB 中的“B”。想象一个信任背摔——甚至在亲眼看到之前，你就相信朋友们会接住你。
Justification is the evidence or reasoning that supports your belief, turning it into knowledge. It answers the ‘why do you think so?’ question.
辩护是支持你信念的证据或推理，将信念转变为知识。它回答“你为什么这么认为？”这个问题。
Memory tip: Justification is the ‘J’ bridge connecting belief to truth. Think ‘just-if-I-cation’ – ‘just if I have a reason’.
记忆提示：辩护是连接信念与真理的“J”桥梁。想想“just-if-I-cation”——“仅仅当我有理由时”。
Truth is the correspondence of a belief or statement with reality. If your belief matches the facts, it is true.
真理是信念或陈述与现实的相符。如果你的信念符合事实，它就是真的。
Memory tip: Truth is the ‘T’ in JTB. Like a mirror reflecting the world accurately. If the mirror is dirty, you see a distortion – not truth.
记忆提示：真理是 JTB 中的“T”。就像一面镜子准确映照世界。如果镜子脏了，你看到的是扭曲——不是真理。
Scepticism is the view that knowledge is either impossible or that we should doubt our ability to know anything for certain.
怀疑论是这样一种观点：知识是不可能的，或者我们应该怀疑自己能够确定地认识任何事物的能力。
Memory tip: Sceptic = ‘skip it’? No, a sceptic never skips doubts. Imagine a detective always asking ‘Are you sure?’ – a healthy sceptic demands strong justification.
记忆提示：怀疑论者？想象一个总在问“你确定吗？”的侦探——一个健康的怀疑论者要求强有力的辩护。
Rationalism claims that reason is the primary source of knowledge, not sensory experience. Famous rationalists include Descartes.
理性主义声称理性是知识的主要来源，而非感官经验。著名的理性主义者包括笛卡尔。
Memory tip: Rationalism → ‘ratio’ (reason). Think ‘maths in the head’ – you can know 2+2=4 without seeing apples.
记忆提示：理性主义 → “ratio”（理性）。想象“头脑中的数学”——你不需要看到苹果就能知道 2+2=4。
Empiricism holds that all knowledge comes from sensory experience – what we see, hear, touch, taste and smell. Locke and Hume are key figures.
经验主义认为所有知识都来自感官经验——我们所看到的、听到的、触摸到的、尝到的和闻到的。洛克和休谟是代表人物。
Memory tip: Empiricism sounds like ’empire’ of experience. Imagine an explorer building an empire of knowledge only after exploring with the five senses.
记忆提示：经验主义听起来像经验的“帝国”。想象一个探险家只有在用五种感官探索后才建立起知识的帝国。
3. Logic and Arguments | 逻辑与论证
Logic is the study of correct reasoning; it provides rules to distinguish good arguments from bad ones.
逻辑学是研究正确推理的学科；它提供区分好论证与坏论证的规则。
Memory tip: Logic = ‘logical order’. Imagine a train where each carriage (premise) must link properly to reach the destination (conclusion).
记忆提示：逻辑 = “逻辑顺序”。想象一列火车，每节车厢（前提）必须正确连接才能到达目的地（结论）。
A premise is a statement offered as a reason to believe the conclusion. Premises give support.
前提是被提出作为相信结论的理由的陈述。前提提供支持。
Memory tip: ‘Pre-mise’ like ‘pre-message’ – it comes before the main message. Think of the ‘prem’ as the foundation stones of a building.
记忆提示：“前提”就像“前置信息”——它在主要信息之前。把“prem” 想象成建筑物的基石。
The conclusion is the statement that the premises are meant to support or prove. It is what the arguer wants you to accept.
结论是前提旨在支持或证明的陈述。它是论证者希望你接受的主张。
Memory tip: Conclusion = ‘conclude’. It’s the finish line of the reasoning race. Picture a detective saying ‘Therefore, the butler did it’ after listing evidence.
记忆提示：结论 = “结束”。它是推理赛跑的终点线。想象一个侦探在列出证据后说“所以，是管家干的”。
Deduction is reasoning from general premises to a specific conclusion. If the premises are true, the conclusion must be true (e.g. ‘All humans are mortal; Socrates is human; therefore Socrates is mortal’).
演绎是从一般性前提推到特定结论的推理。如果前提为真，结论必然为真（例如“所有人都会死；苏格拉底是人；所以苏格拉底会死”）。
Memory tip: Deduction = ‘de-duct’, like a duct leading inevitably downwards. Visualise water flowing from a wide funnel (general) into a narrow tube (specific).
记忆提示：演绎 = “de-duct”，就像一条必然向下的管道。想象水从宽漏斗（概括）流入窄管（具体）。
Induction is reasoning from specific observations to a general conclusion. It gives probable, not certain, support (e.g. ‘The sun has risen every day so far; therefore it will rise tomorrow’).
归纳是从特定观察推到一般性结论的推理。它提供的是或然性支持，而非必然的（例如“至今每天太阳都升起；所以明天太阳也会升起”）。
Memory tip: Induction = ‘in-duct’ building up from inside. Picture collecting scattered puzzle pieces to see the big picture on the box.
记忆提示：归纳 = “in-duct”，从内向外构建。想象收集散落的拼图碎片来看到盒子上的全貌。
Validity is a property of deductive arguments where, if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. Validity is about logical structure, not actual truth.
有效性是演绎论证的一种属性：如果前提为真，结论必然为真。有效性关乎逻辑结构，而非实际的真。
Memory tip: Valid argument shape holds: ‘if premises were true, conclusion cannot be false’. Imagine a valid ticket – it has the right form to allow entry, even if the event is cancelled (content false).
记忆提示：有效论证的形式保证：“如果前提为真，结论不可能为假”。想象一张有效门票——它有正确的形式允许入场，即使活动被取消了（内容为假）。
Soundness is a property of an argument that is both valid and has all true premises. A sound argument guarantees a true conclusion.
可靠性是既有效且所有前提都为真的论证的属性。一个可靠的论证保证结论为真。
Memory tip: Sound = Valid + True premises. A sound bridge is both well-designed (valid) and made of real, strong materials (true premises).
记忆提示：可靠 = 有效 + 真实前提。一座可靠的桥既设计良好（有效），又由真实的坚固材料建造（真前提）。
4. Ethical Theories | 伦理学理论
Ethics (or moral philosophy) is the study of right and wrong, good and bad character, and how we ought to live.
伦理学（或道德哲学）研究对与错、好与坏的品格，以及我们应当如何生活。
Memory tip: Ethics comes from Greek ‘ethos’, meaning character. Think of ‘ethical’ behaviour as what builds a strong character.
记忆提示：伦理学源自希腊语“ethos”，意为品格。把“ethical”行为想象成塑造强大品格的行为。
Morality refers to the set of principles or rules that distinguish right from wrong actions. Morality can be shaped by culture, religion or reason.
道德指区分行为对错的一套原则或规则。道德可以由文化、宗教或理性塑造。
Memory tip: Morality → ‘more-al-ity’ – more than just laws, it’s about personal conscience. Link it to ‘moral compass’.
记忆提示：道德 → “more-al-ity”——不止是法律，它关乎个人良知。把它与“道德指南针”联系起来。
Utilitarianism is the ethical theory that an action is right if it produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Key thinker: Jeremy Bentham.
功利主义是这样一种伦理理论：一个行为如果能为最大多数人带来最大幸福，就是正确的。关键思想家：边沁。
Memory tip: Utilitarian = ‘utility’ + ‘total’. Imagine a calculator adding up happiness points. The highest total wins.
记忆提示：功利主义 = “功利”（utility）+ “总和”。想象一个计算器把幸福分数加起来。总和最高者胜出。
Deontology is the ethical theory that actions are right or wrong in themselves, regardless of consequences. Duties and rules are central. Key thinker: Immanuel Kant.
义务论是这样一种伦理理论：行为本身是对是错，不管后果如何。义务和规则是核心。关键思想家：康德。
Memory tip: Deontology shares ‘deon’ (Greek for duty). Think ‘duty-ontology’. Picture a robot programmed with absolute rules that it never breaks.
记忆提示：义务论共享希腊词根“deon”（义务）。想象一个被编入了绝对规则的机器人，它从不违反规则。
Virtue ethics focuses on the character of the person acting rather than on specific actions or consequences. It asks, ‘What would a virtuous person do?’ Key thinker: Aristotle.
德性伦理学关注的是行为者的品格，而非特定行为或后果。它问：“一个有德性的人会怎么做？”关键思想家：亚里士多德。
Memory tip: Virtue = ‘virtuoso’ of character. Imagine training to become a moral artist, practicing courage, honesty and generosity until they become second nature.
记忆提示：德性 = 品格的“大师”。想象训练成为一名道德艺术家，不断练习勇敢、诚实和慷慨，直到它们成为第二天性。
5. Metaphysics Basics | 形而上学基础
Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that investigates the fundamental nature of reality, including concepts like existence, objects and their properties, space, time, and causation.
形而上学是哲学的一个分支，研究实在的根本性质，包括存在、物体及其属性、空间、时间和因果关系等概念。
Memory tip: ‘Meta’ means beyond, ‘physics’ means nature. So metaphysics is ‘beyond physics’ – questions that go beyond what science measures.
记忆提示：“Meta”意为“在……之后/超越”，“physics”意为“自然”。所以形而上学是“超越物理学”——超越科学测量范围的问题。
Ontology is a sub-branch of metaphysics concerned with the categories of being: what kinds of things exist? (e.g. physical objects, numbers, properties).
存在论是形而上学的一个子分支，关注存在的范畴：什么样的事物存在？（例如物体、数字、属性）。
Memory tip: Ontology = ‘onto’ (being) + ‘logy’ (study). Think of it as the ‘being catalogue’. A librarian asks: ‘What is on the shelves of reality?’
记忆提示：存在论 = “onto”（存在）+ “logy”（学）。把它想象成“存在目录”。一位图书管理员问：“现实的架子上有什么？”
Reality is the sum total of all that exists, independent of our perceptions. Metaphysics debates whether reality is entirely physical or includes abstract entities.
实在是所有存在物的总和，独立于我们的感知。形而上学争论实在是否完全是物质的，还是包含了抽象的实体。
Memory tip: Reality sounds like ‘real-it-y’. Ask: ‘Is it real?’ If you can kick a stone and feel it, that’s one kind of reality. But what about the number 2? That’s the puzzle.
记忆提示：实在听起来像“它是真的吗？”如果你踢一块石头并能感觉到，那是一种实在。但数字 2 呢？这就是谜题。
Dualism is the view that reality is composed of two fundamentally different substances: mind (mental stuff) and matter (physical stuff). Descartes is a famous dualist.
二元论认为实在由两种根本不同的实体构成：心灵（精神实体）和物质（物理实体）。笛卡尔是著名的二元论者。
Memory tip: Dualism = ‘dual’ (two). Picture a person as a ghost (mind) driving a machine (body). The two are different and can separate.
记忆提示：二元论 = “dual”（二）。把一个人想象成一个鬼魂（心灵）驾驶着一台机器（身体）。两者不同，并且可以分离。
Materialism (or physicalism) states that only matter and its movements exist. Everything, including consciousness, can be explained by physical processes.
唯物主义（或物理主义）声称只有物质及其运动存在。一切事物，包括意识，都可以用物理过程来解释。
Memory tip: Materialism = ‘made of material’. Imagine the universe as a giant Lego set – nothing but bricks and arrangements.
记忆提示：唯物主义 = “由物质制成”。把宇宙想象成一个巨大的乐高套装——只有积木和它们的排列方式。
6. Philosophy of Mind | 心灵哲学
The mind-body problem is the question of how mental states (thoughts, feelings) relate to physical states (brain, body). Are they the same thing or different?
心身问题是这样的问题：心理状态（思想、感受）如何与物理状态（大脑、身体）相关联？它们是同一个东西还是不同的？
Memory tip: Think of it as a puzzle: can you touch a thought? If thoughts are just brain chemicals, where does the feeling come from? Picture a ‘mind’ and a ‘body’ facing off.
记忆提示：把它想成一个谜题：你能触摸一个思想吗？如果思想只是大脑中的化学物质，那种感觉从何而来？想象“心
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