Year 8 Edexcel PE: Core Knowledge Summary | Year 8 Edexcel 体育：核心知识点梳理

📚 Year 8 Edexcel PE: Core Knowledge Summary | Year 8 Edexcel 体育：核心知识点梳理

In Year 8 Edexcel Physical Education, you build a solid foundation in sports science, learning how your body works during exercise and how to improve performance safely. This article summarises the core topics: from the skeleton and muscles to the heart, lungs, fitness components, training principles and nutrition. Mastering these concepts will help you in practical lessons and prepare you for future GCSE PE studies.

在 Year 8 Edexcel 体育课程中，你将系统学习运动科学基础，了解运动时人体的运作方式以及如何安全地提高运动表现。本文梳理了核心知识点：从骨骼、肌肉到心脏与肺部，从健康与技能体适能要素到训练原则和营养。掌握这些概念不仅能提升你的实践课表现，也为将来的 GCSE 体育学习做好准备。

1. The Skeletal System | 骨骼系统

The skeletal system is the body’s framework made up of 206 bones in an adult. It provides support, protection for vital organs, movement through joints, mineral storage and blood cell production. In Year 8, you focus on learning the names and locations of major bones, as well as understanding their roles in sport.

骨骼系统是人体的框架，成年人有 206 块骨。它提供支撑，保护重要器官，通过关节实现运动，储存矿物质并生成血细胞。在 Year 8，你需要重点掌握主要骨骼的名称、位置以及它们在运动中的作用。

Bones are living tissues that can grow and repair themselves. Exercise, especially weight-bearing activities like running and jumping, increases bone density and makes them stronger. A balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D also supports bone health.

骨骼是有生命的组织，能够生长和自我修复。运动，尤其是跑步、跳跃等负重活动，能增加骨密度并使骨骼更强壮。富含钙和维生素 D 的均衡饮食也有助于骨骼健康。

2. Functions of the Skeleton | 骨骼的功能

The skeleton has five key functions: support – it holds the body upright; protection – the skull protects the brain, the ribcage protects the heart and lungs; movement – bones act as levers when muscles pull on them; mineral storage – bones store calcium and phosphorus; blood cell production – bone marrow produces red and white blood cells.

骨骼有五大关键功能：支撑——维持身体直立；保护——颅骨保护大脑，肋骨保护心脏和肺；运动——肌肉牵拉骨骼时骨骼充当杠杆；矿物质储存——骨骼储存钙和磷；血细胞生成——骨髓制造红细胞和白细胞。

In sport, protection is vital; for example, a goalkeeper wears a padded helmet to protect the skull, and shin pads protect the tibia in football. Understanding these functions helps you appreciate why injuries can be serious and how to prevent them.

在运动中，保护功能至关重要；例如，足球守门员戴头盔保护颅骨，护腿板保护胫骨。理解这些功能有助于你认识到运动损伤的严重性并学会预防。

3. Major Bones of the Body | 身体主要骨骼

You need to identify and label the following bones on a skeleton diagram: cranium (skull), clavicle (collarbone), scapula (shoulder blade), humerus (upper arm), radius and ulna (forearm), vertebrae (spine), ribs, sternum (breastbone), pelvis, femur (thigh bone), patella (kneecap), tibia and fibula (lower leg). The femur is the longest and strongest bone in the body.

你需要能够在骨骼图上识别并标注以下主要骨：颅骨（头骨）、锁骨、肩胛骨、肱骨（上臂骨）、桡骨和尺骨（前臂）、椎骨（脊柱）、肋骨、胸骨、骨盆、股骨（大腿骨）、髌骨（膝盖骨）、胫骨和腓骨（小腿骨）。股骨是人体最长、最强壮的骨。

In activities like a basketball jump shot, the humerus works with the shoulder joint to lift the arm, while the femur and tibia generate power from the legs. Knowing these bones helps you analyse movements and understand where effort is applied.

在篮球跳投等动作中，肱骨通过肩关节抬起手臂，而股骨和胫骨从腿部产生力量。认识这些骨骼有助于你分析动作并理解力作用的位置。

4. Joints and Movement | 关节与运动

A joint is where two or more bones meet. There are three main types: fibrous (fixed, e.g., skull sutures), cartilaginous (slightly movable, e.g., vertebrae) and synovial (freely movable). In sport, we focus on synovial joints like hinge joints (elbow, knee) and ball-and-socket joints (shoulder, hip).

关节是两块或多块骨相遇的地方。主要有三种类型：纤维关节（固定，如颅骨缝合）、软骨关节（微动，如椎骨）和滑膜关节（自由活动）。体育运动中我们主要关注滑膜关节，如铰链关节（肘、膝）和球窝关节（肩、髋）。

Synovial joints contain synovial fluid to lubricate and reduce friction, cartilage to absorb shock, ligaments to connect bone to bone, and tendons to connect muscle to bone. Movements at hinge joints are flexion and extension, while ball-and-socket joints allow flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and rotation.

滑膜关节含有滑液润滑减摩，软骨吸收冲击，韧带连接骨与骨，肌腱连接肌肉与骨。铰链关节可做屈和伸，球窝关节可做屈、伸、外展、内收和旋转。

5. The Muscular System | 肌肉系统

Muscles work by contracting and pulling on bones to create movement. There are three types of muscle: cardiac (heart), involuntary (smooth, in organs) and voluntary (skeletal). Voluntary muscles are the ones you control for sport and exercise. They often work in pairs called antagonistic pairs.

肌肉通过收缩牵拉骨骼产生运动。肌肉有三种类型：心肌（心脏）、不随意肌（平滑肌，在内脏）和随意肌（骨骼肌）。随意肌是你运动锻炼时控制的肌肉，它们通常成对工作，称为拮抗肌对。

When one muscle contracts (agonist), the opposing muscle relaxes (antagonist). For example, during a biceps curl, the biceps is the agonist and the triceps is the antagonist. This coordination allows smooth, controlled movements at joints.

当一块肌肉收缩（主动肌），对侧的肌肉则放松（拮抗肌）。例如，二头弯举时，肱二头肌为主动肌，肱三头肌为拮抗肌。这种协调配合使关节产生流畅、可控的动作。

6. Major Muscles | 主要肌肉

Key voluntary muscles to locate and understand include: deltoid (shoulder), pectorals (chest), biceps (front upper arm), triceps (back upper arm), abdominals (stomach), quadriceps (front thigh), hamstrings (back thigh), gluteals (buttocks), gastrocnemius (calf) and latissimus dorsi (back).

需要定位并理解的主要随意肌包括：三角肌（肩）、胸大肌（胸）、肱二头肌（上臂前侧）、肱三头肌（上臂后侧）、腹肌（腹部）、股四头肌（大腿前侧）、腘绳肌（大腿后侧）、臀大肌（臀部）、腓肠肌（小腿）和背阔肌（背部）。

In a sprint start, the quadriceps extend the knee to drive forward, while the hamstrings flex the knee during recovery. The gastrocnemius helps push off the ground, and the gluteals extend the hip. Knowing muscle function helps correct technique.

在短跑起跑中，股四头肌伸膝发力向前，腘绳肌在回摆时屈膝。腓肠肌帮助蹬地，臀大肌伸髋。了解肌肉功能有助于纠正技术。

7. The Cardiovascular System | 心血管系统

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries) and blood. Its main job is to transport oxygen, nutrients and hormones to cells and remove waste products like carbon dioxide. During exercise, the heart pumps faster to deliver more oxygen to working muscles.

心血管系统由心脏、血管（动脉、静脉、毛细血管）和血液组成。它的主要功能是向细胞输送氧气、养分和激素，并带走二氧化碳等代谢废物。运动时，心脏跳动加快，向工作肌输送更多氧气。

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except the pulmonary artery); veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart; capillaries allow gas exchange at the muscles and lungs. Heart rate is measured in beats per minute (bpm); resting heart rate is around 60-80 bpm and increases significantly during activity.

动脉将含氧血从心脏运出（肺动脉除外）；静脉将缺氧血送回心脏；毛细血管在肌肉和肺部进行气体交换。心率以每分钟搏动次数（bpm）衡量；安静心率约为 60-80 bpm，运动时显著升高。

8. The Respiratory System | 呼吸系统

The respiratory system brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide. Air travels through the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and into tiny air sacs called alveoli, where gas exchange occurs. The diaphragm and intercostal muscles help you breathe in and out.

呼吸系统将氧气带入体内并排出二氧化碳。空气通过气管、支气管、细支气管进入微小气囊——肺泡，在肺泡处进行气体交换。膈肌和肋间肌协助吸气和呼气。

During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, and the ribcage lifts, increasing chest volume and drawing air in. During expiration, the diaphragm relaxes and air is pushed out. In exercise, breathing rate and tidal volume (amount of air per breath) increase to meet oxygen demand.

吸气时，膈肌收缩变平，肋骨上提，胸腔容积增大，空气吸入。呼气时，膈肌放松，空气被挤出。运动时，呼吸频率和潮气量（每次呼吸的空气量）增加以满足氧气需求。

9. Health-Related Fitness Components | 健康相关体适能要素

There are five health-related fitness components: cardiovascular endurance (stamina), muscular endurance, muscular strength, flexibility and body composition. These are important for overall health and performing daily tasks as well as sport.

健康相关体适能包含五个要素：心血管耐力（持久力）、肌肉耐力、肌肉力量、柔韧性和身体成分。它们对整体健康以及完成日常活动和体育运动都很关键。

Cardiovascular endurance is the ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to muscles over a long time, tested by the Cooper run or multi-stage fitness test. Muscular endurance is repeating contractions without fatigue, e.g., doing many press-ups. Muscular strength is maximum force in one contraction, e.g., one-rep max. Flexibility is the range of motion at a joint, improved by stretching. Body composition is the ratio of fat mass to lean mass.

心血管耐力指心肺长时间给肌肉供氧的能力，可通过库珀跑或多阶段体能测试评估。肌肉耐力指反复收缩而不疲劳，如做多次俯卧撑。肌肉力量指单次收缩产生的最大力，如单次最大负荷。柔韧性是关节活动幅度，可通过拉伸改善。身体成分是脂肪与去脂体重的比例。

10. Skill-Related Fitness Components | 技能相关体适能要素

The six skill-related fitness components are: agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time and speed. These influence your ability to perform specific sporting skills effectively.

六项技能相关体适能要素是：灵敏性、平衡性、协调性、爆发力、反应时间和速度。它们影响你有效完成专项运动技能的能力。

Agility is changing direction quickly while maintaining control (e.g., dodging in netball); balance is maintaining stability (e.g., gymnastics beam); coordination is using two or more body parts smoothly together (e.g., hand-eye in tennis); power is strength x speed (e.g., throwing); reaction time is the time taken to respond to a stimulus (e.g., sprint start); speed is the rate of movement (e.g., 50m sprint).

灵敏性是快速改变方向并保持控制（如英式篮球中的闪躲）；平衡是保持稳定（如体操平衡木）；协调是两个或更多身体部位流畅配合（如网球中的手眼协调）；爆发力是力量 × 速度（如投掷）；反应时间是对刺激做出反应的时间（如短跑起跑）；速度是动作速率（如 50 米冲刺）。

11. Principles of Training (SPORT & FITT) | 训练原则（SPORT 与 FITT）

To improve fitness safely and effectively, you apply the SPORT principles: Specificity – training must be relevant to your sport; Progression – gradually increase workload; Overload – work harder than normal; Reversibility – fitness is lost if you stop training; Tedium – add variety to avoid boredom. Overload can be achieved using the FITT formula: Frequency, Intensity, Time and Type.

为安全有效地提高体适能，需运用 SPORT 原则：专项性——训练必须与运动项目相关；渐进性——逐渐增加负荷；超负荷——比平时更努力地训练；可逆性——停止训练体适能会下降；乏味性——增加变化以避免枯燥。超负荷可通过 FITT 公式实现：频率、强度、时间和类型。

For example, to improve cardiovascular endurance, you might increase Frequency from 2 to 3 times per week, Intensity by working at 60-80% of maximum heart rate (MHR = 220 − age), Time from 20 to 30 minutes, and Type by choosing running, cycling or swimming. Always include a warm-up and cool-down to prevent injury.

例如，要提高心血管耐力，你可以将频率从每周 2 次增加到 3 次，强度达到最大心率的 60-80%（MHR = 220 − 年龄），时间从 20 分钟增加到 30 分钟，类型选择跑步、骑行或游泳。务必包含热身和整理活动以预防受伤。

12. Nutrition and Hydration | 营养与补水

A balanced diet provides the energy and nutrients needed for growth, repair and exercise. The main food groups are carbohydrates (main energy source), proteins (muscle repair and growth), fats (energy and insulation), vitamins and minerals (body functions), fibre (digestion) and water (hydration). For sport, carbohydrate loading can help endurance athletes store more glycogen.

均衡饮食提供生长、修复和运动所需的能量与营养素。主要食物类别为：碳水化合物（主要能量来源）、蛋白质（肌肉修复与生长）、脂肪（能量与保暖）、维生素和矿物质（身体机能）、纤维（消化）和水（补水）。运动中，耐力运动员可通过糖原负荷法储存更多糖原。

Hydration is critical because even a 2% loss of body water can impair performance. Drink water before, during and after exercise. Isotonic sports drinks can replace fluids and electrolytes during long exercise sessions. Avoid sugary drinks and excessive caffeine.

补水至关重要，因为即使流失体重 2% 的水分也会影响运动表现。运动前、中、后都要喝水。长时间运动时，等渗运动饮料可补充水分和电解质。避免含糖饮料和过量咖啡因。

Published by TutorHao | Physical Education Revision Series | aleveler.com

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