📚 Engineering Vocabulary Quick Memorisation Guide for Year 10 Edexcel | Year 10 Edexcel 工程词汇速记指南
Mastering the precise terminology of engineering is essential for Edexcel Year 10 students. This guide provides clear definitions, memorable hooks, and bilingual explanations to help you confidently use and recall key terms in materials, mechanics, electronics, and design.
掌握精确的工程术语对于 Edexcel Year 10 学生至关重要。本指南提供清晰的定义、好记的窍门和双语解释，帮助你在材料、力学、电子和设计等领域自信地使用和回忆关键词汇。
1. Materials and Properties | 材料与性能
Engineering materials are grouped into metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites. A ‘property’ describes how a material behaves under specific conditions, and choosing the right material always starts with comparing properties.
工程材料分为金属、聚合物、陶瓷和复合材料。“性能”描述材料在特定条件下的表现，选择合适的材料总是从比较性能开始。
Property – a measurable characteristic of a material, such as density, strength, or conductivity. Think of it as a material’s personality trait.
性能 – 材料可测量的特征，例如密度、强度或导电性。可以把它想象成材料的个性特征。
Density (ρ) – mass per unit volume. The formula is ρ = m / V. A dense material feels heavy for its size; lead is dense, balsa wood is not.
密度 (ρ) – 单位体积的质量。公式为 ρ = m / V。密度大的材料相对其体积感觉更重；铅很致密，轻木则相反。
Hardness – the ability to resist indentation, scratching, or wear. Remember: a diamond scratches glass, so diamond is harder than glass.
硬度 – 抵抗压痕、刮擦或磨损的能力。记住：金刚石能划伤玻璃，所以金刚石比玻璃硬。
Conductivity (thermal and electrical) – how well a material allows heat or electricity to pass through it. Copper conducts electricity very well, while rubber acts as an insulator.
导热性/导电性 – 材料允许热量或电流通过的能力。铜的导电性很好，而橡胶则是绝缘体。
📌 Memory tip: Group properties into ‘mechanical’ (strength, hardness, toughness) and ‘physical’ (density, conductivity). Write them on two sides of a flashcard to quiz yourself.
📌 记忆技巧：将性能分为“力学性能”（强度、硬度、韧性）和“物理性能”（密度、导电性）。写在闪卡的两面来测试自己。
2. Mechanical Properties in Detail | 机械性能详解
When engineers talk about how a material behaves under force, they use precise mechanical terms. The most common ones for Year 10 are tensile strength, yield strength, ductility, toughness, stiffness, and elasticity.
当工程师谈论材料在受力时的表现时，他们会使用精确的力学术语。Year 10 最常见的术语有抗拉强度、屈服强度、延展性、韧性、刚度和弹性。
Tensile strength – the maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched before it starts to neck. Think ‘tensile = tension + stretch’.
抗拉强度 – 材料在拉伸时，在开始颈缩前所能承受的最大应力。联想“tensile = tension（张力）+ stretch（拉伸）”。
Yield strength – the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically. Before this point it will spring back; after this point the deformation is permanent.
屈服强度 – 材料开始发生塑性变形的应力。在此之前材料会弹回；在此之后变形是永久的。
Ductility – the ability to be drawn into a wire without breaking. Think of the word ‘duct’ — a wire looks like a tiny duct.
延展性 – 材料被拉成细丝而不断裂的能力。联想单词“duct”（管道）—— 细丝就像微型管道。
Toughness – the ability to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. A tough material can take a hit; hard materials may shatter.
韧性 – 吸收能量并发生塑性变形而不断裂的能力。韧性材料能承受冲击；硬材料则可能碎裂。
Stiffness (Young’s modulus) – a measure of how much a material resists bending or stretching. A stiff material barely deflects under load.
刚度（杨氏模量） – 衡量材料抵抗弯曲或拉伸程度的量。刚度大的材料在负载下几乎不发生变形。
📌 Memory tip: ‘Strong’ resists force; ‘stiff’ resists bending; ‘tough’ resists breaking. Test yourself with a rubber band (elastic, not stiff) and a glass rod (stiff, not tough).
📌 记忆技巧：“强”抵抗力；“刚”抵抗弯曲；“韧”抵抗断裂。用橡皮筋（弹性好、不刚）和玻璃棒（刚、不韧）来检验自己。
3. Common Engineering Materials | 常见工程材料
Knowing the names and typical uses of metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites helps you link theory to real-world products. This section covers the heavy hitters: mild steel, aluminium alloys, copper, PVC, acrylic, and carbon fibre.
知道金属、聚合物、陶瓷和复合材料的名称及典型用途，有助于你将理论与实际产品联系起来。本节涵盖重要材料：低碳钢、铝合金、铜、PVC、亚克力和碳纤维。
Mild steel – an alloy of iron and a small amount of carbon (up to 0.25%). It is cheap, strong, and easy to weld, so it is used for car bodies and construction beams.
低碳钢 – 铁和少量碳（最高 0.25%）的合金。它便宜、坚固且易于焊接，因此用于汽车车身和建筑横梁。
Aluminium alloy – pure aluminium is soft, but alloying with copper or magnesium makes it strong and lightweight. Ideal for aircraft skins and drink cans.
铝合金 – 纯铝很软，但与铜或镁形成合金后变得坚固而轻巧。适用于飞机蒙皮和饮料罐。
Copper – excellent electrical and thermal conductor, ductile and corrosion-resistant. Used for electrical wiring and plumbing pipes.
铜 – 优良的电和热导体，延展性好且耐腐蚀。用于电线和管道。
PVC (polyvinyl chloride) – a versatile thermoplastic. Rigid PVC is used for window frames; flexible PVC is used for cable insulation. Remember: ‘Pipes and cables, think PVC.’
PVC（聚氯乙烯） – 一种多功能热塑性塑料。硬质 PVC 用于窗框；软质 PVC 用于电缆绝缘。记住：“管子和电缆，就想到 PVC。”
Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) – a composite of carbon fibres in a polymer matrix. Extremely strong and lightweight but expensive. Used in Formula 1 cars and high-end bicycles.
碳纤维增强聚合物 (CFRP) – 碳纤维嵌入聚合物基体的复合材料。极其坚固、轻便但昂贵。用于一级方程式赛车和高端自行车。
📌 Memory tip: Create a material-property-application triangle. For example: Aluminium → lightweight + strong → aircraft. Draw it out to cement the connections.
📌 记忆技巧：创建一个材料-性能-应用三角形。例如：铝 → 轻 + 强 → 飞机。画出来以巩固联系。
4. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Engineers choose manufacturing processes based on the material, the product shape, and production volume. Key processes for Year 10 include casting, forging, welding, CNC machining, and additive manufacturing (3D printing).
工程师根据材料、产品形状和产量选择制造工艺。Year 10 的关键工艺包括铸造、锻造、焊接、CNC 加工和增材制造（3D 打印）。
Casting – pouring molten metal into a mould and letting it solidify. Think of pouring jelly into a mould: the shape is set once it cools.
铸造 – 将熔融金属倒入模具中并让其凝固。想象把果冻倒入模具：一旦冷却形状就固定了。
Forging – shaping metal using compressive forces, often while hot. A blacksmith hammering a horseshoe uses forging. It aligns the grain structure, improving strength.
锻造 – 使用压缩力（通常在加热状态下）使金属成型。铁匠锤打马蹄铁就是在锻造。它能优化晶粒结构，提高强度。
Welding – joining two pieces of metal by melting the edges and adding a filler material. Imagine it as ‘metal glue’ that becomes part of the parts.
焊接 – 通过熔化边缘并添加填充材料来连接两块金属。把它想象成“金属胶水”，并成为零件的一部分。
CNC machining – Computer Numerical Control: a computer controls cutting tools to remove material from a block, producing precise shapes. The opposite of 3D printing (subtractive vs additive).
CNC 加工 – 计算机数控：计算机控制刀具从块状材料中去除材料，制造出精确形状。与 3D 打印相反（减材制造 vs 增材制造）。
3D printing (additive manufacturing) – building an object layer by layer from a digital model. ‘Additive’ because material is added, not cut away.
3D 打印（增材制造） – 根据数字模型逐层构建物体。“增材”是因为材料被添加，而非切除。
📌 Memory tip: ‘Casting fills, forging hammers, welding joins.’ Use hand gestures while saying them to activate motor memory.
📌 记忆技巧：“铸造是填充，锻造是锤打，焊接是连接。”在念的时候做手势以激活动作记忆。
5. Forces, Motion and Moments | 力、运动和力矩
Forces cause objects to accelerate, deform, or rotate. Clarity on terms like force, moment, equilibrium, and Newton’s laws is vital for analysing structures and mechanisms.
力使物体加速、变形或旋转。弄清力、力矩、平衡和牛顿定律等术语对于分析结构和机构至关重要。
Force – a push or pull measured in newtons (N). It can cause a change in an object’s motion or shape.
力 – 以牛顿 (N) 为单位的推或拉。它可以改变物体的运动或形状。
Newton’s first law (inertia) – an object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a resultant force. Think of a book on a table: it stays put until you push it.
牛顿第一定律（惯性） – 物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动状态，除非有合力作用于它。想象桌上的书：除非你推它，它就一直不动。
Moment – the turning effect of a force, calculated as: moment = force × perpendicular distance from the pivot. Use the formula M = F × d. A longer spanner makes it easier to undo a nut because the distance is larger.
力矩 – 力的转动效应，计算公式为：力矩 = 力 × 到支点的垂直距离。公式 M = F × d。长扳手更容易拧松螺母，因为距离更大。
Resultant force – the single force that has the same effect as all the individual forces acting on an object. If forces balance, resultant force is zero and the object is in equilibrium.
合力 – 与作用在物体上所有单个力作用效果相同的单一力。如果力相互平衡，合力为零，物体处于平衡状态。
Stress and strain – stress (σ) is force per unit area; strain (ε) is extension per original length. Stress causes strain, like tension causing stretch.
应力和应变 – 应力 (σ) 是单位面积上的力；应变 (ε) 是伸长量除以原始长度。应力导致应变，如同张力导致拉伸。
📌 Memory tip: For moments, draw a seesaw. Balance the clockwise and anticlockwise moments to find an unknown force or distance.
📌 记忆技巧：对于力矩，画一个跷跷板。平衡顺时针和逆时针力矩即可求出未知的力或距离。
6. Electrical and Electronic Components | 电气与电子元件
Circuits are built from components that control current flow. Grasping the function of resistors, capacitors, diodes, LEDs, LDRs, and thermistors is essential for the electronics strand.
电路由控制电流流动的元件组成。掌握电阻、电容、二极管、LED、LDR 和热敏电阻的功能，对电子学部分至关重要。
Resistor – a component that limits current and divides voltage. Its value is measured in ohms (Ω). Resistors are like narrow pipes that restrict water flow.
电阻 – 限制电流和分压的元件。其数值以欧姆 (Ω) 衡量。电阻就像限制水流的窄管。
Capacitor – stores electrical charge temporarily and releases it when needed. Think of it as a tiny rechargeable battery that charges and discharges quickly.
电容 – 暂时存储电荷并在需要时释放。可以把它看作一个能快速充放电的微型可充电电池。
Diode – allows current to flow in only one direction. The arrow in the symbol points the way current can go. It is the ‘one-way street’ of electronics.
二极管 – 只允许电流在一个方向流动。符号中的箭头指示电流可以通过的方向。它是电子世界里的“单行道”。
LED (Light Emitting Diode) – a diode that emits light when current flows through it. More efficient than filament bulbs and used in indicators and screens.
LED（发光二极管） – 当电流通过时会发光的二极管。比灯丝灯泡更节能，用于指示灯和屏幕。
LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) – its resistance decreases as light intensity increases. Useful in automatic night lights. ‘LDR sees light, resistance takes flight.’
LDR（光敏电阻） – 其电阻随光照强度增加而减小。用于自动夜灯。“LDR 看见光，电阻就下降。”
Thermistor – a resistor whose resistance changes significantly with temperature. NTC thermistor: resistance falls as temperature rises. Key for temperature sensors.
热敏电阻 – 电阻值随温度显著变化的电阻。NTC 热敏电阻：温度上升电阻下降。是温度传感器的关键元件。
📌 Memory tip: Use the ‘V=IR triangle’ for Ohm’s law. Cover the quantity you want to find: V over I×R. For components, think: LED emits, LDR reacts to light, thermistor to heat.
📌 记忆技巧：使用欧姆定律的 “V=IR 三角形”。盖住你要找的量：V 在 I×R 之上。对于元件，记住：LED 发光，LDR 对光反应，热敏电阻对热反应。
7. Electronic Systems and Control | 电子系统与控制
An engineered system has an input, a process, and an output, often with feedback. Understanding open-loop and closed-loop control helps you design circuits and automated devices.
工程系统由输入、处理和输出组成，通常还带有反馈。理解开环和闭环控制有助于设计电路和自动化设备。
System – a set of components working together to achieve a function. Any electronic product, from a doorbell to a robot arm, is a system.
系统 – 共同工作以实现某个功能的一组组件。任何电子产品，从门铃到机械臂，都是一个系统。
Input – the signal or energy fed into a system, such as a switch press, a sensor signal, or a microphone sound.
输入 – 输入到系统中的信号或能量，例如开关按压、传感器信号或麦克风声音。
Process – the part of the system that acts on the input, like a microcontroller running code or a transistor amplifying a signal.
处理 – 系统对输入进行操作的部分，例如运行代码的微控制器或放大信号的晶体管。
Output – the result produced by the system, such as a motor turning, an LED lighting up, or a buzzer sounding.
输出 – 系统产生的结果，例如电机转动、LED 亮起或蜂鸣器发声。
Feedback – sending part of the output back to the input to influence the process. A thermostat uses feedback to maintain a set temperature.
反馈 – 将部分输出送回输入端以影响处理过程。恒温器利用反馈来维持设定温度。
Open-loop vs closed-loop control – open-loop has no feedback (e.g., a simple toaster timer); closed-loop uses feedback to adjust (e.g., an oven with a temperature sensor).
开环与闭环控制 – 开环没有反馈（例如简单的烤面包机定时器）；闭环利用反馈进行调整（例如带温度传感器的烤箱）。
📌 Memory tip: Draw an input-process-output block diagram for any device you study. Add a feedback loop if the system corrects itself automatically.
📌 记忆技巧：为你学习的任何设备画一个输入-处理-输出方框图。如果系统能自动纠正，就添加一个反馈回路。
8. Engineering Drawing Conventions | 工程图规范
Technical drawings communicate a product’s shape and dimensions without words. Orthographic, isometric, and dimensioning are fundamental skills for any young engineer.
技术图纸无需文字即可传达产品的形状和尺寸。正交图、等轴测图和尺寸标注是任何年轻工程师的基本技能。
Orthographic projection – a way of drawing a 3D object as a set of 2D views (usually front, top, and side). ‘Ortho’ means correct: lines are projected perpendicular to the drawing plane.
正交投影
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