📚 Year 9 WJEC Media: Quick Glossary & Terminology Guide | 词汇术语速记指南
Mastering media terminology is the first step to analysing any film, TV show, print advert or online text with confidence. This glossary pairs each key term with a concise definition, giving you a solid foundation for both your coursework and exam responses.
掌握媒体术语是自信分析任何电影、电视节目、平面广告或在线文本的第一步。这份术语表为每个关键词配上简明定义，为课程作业和考试作答打下坚实基础。
1. Introduction to Media Language | 媒体语言导论
Media language refers to the visual, technical and symbolic codes used in media texts to create meaning. Understanding these codes helps us ‘read’ a text just like we read a book.
媒体语言指媒体文本中用来创造意义的视觉、技术和符号编码。理解这些编码能帮助我们像阅读书本一样“阅读”一则文本。
The four key areas of media language are Camera, Editing, Sound and Mise-en-Scène, often remembered by the acronym C.E.S.M.
媒体语言的四大关键领域是镜头、剪辑、声音和场面调度，常缩写为 C.E.S.M. 以便记忆。
2. Camera Shots & Angles | 镜头景别与角度
Establishing Shot (ES): A wide shot at the beginning of a scene that sets the location and mood, often showing a landscape or cityscape.
定场镜头（ES）：场景开头的大景别镜头，交代地点和氛围，通常展示风景或城市全景。
Long Shot (LS): Shows the full body of the subject with plenty of background detail, making the character appear small within the environment.
远景（LS）：展现被摄主体的全身和大量背景细节，让人物在环境中显得渺小。
Medium Shot (MS): Frames the subject from the waist up; commonly used for dialogue scenes because it mimics natural human interaction.
中景（MS）：腰部以上的取景，常用于对话场景，因为它模仿了自然的人际交流距离。
Close-up (CU): Tightly frames a person’s face or an object, highlighting emotions or significant detail.
特写（CU）：紧凑地框取一个人的脸部或一件物品，突出情绪或重要细节。
Extreme Close-up (ECU): Focuses on a very small detail, such as an eye or a key held in a hand, to intensify drama or symbolism.
极端特写（ECU）：聚焦极其微小的细节，如一只眼睛或手中的钥匙，以强化戏剧性或象征意义。
Low Angle: The camera looks up at the subject, making it appear powerful, dominant or threatening.
仰角：镜头从下往上拍摄主体，使其显得强大、有统治力或具威胁性。
High Angle: The camera looks down at the subject, making it seem vulnerable, weak or insignificant.
俯角：镜头从上往下拍摄主体，使其显得脆弱、弱小或微不足道。
Point of View Shot (POV): Shows what a character is seeing, placing the audience directly in their perspective.
主观镜头（POV）：展示角色所见景象，将观众直接投入其视角。
3. Camera Movement | 镜头运动
Pan: The camera head swivels horizontally from a fixed position, often used to follow action or reveal a landscape.
摇镜：相机从固定位置水平转动，常用来跟随动作或展示风景。
Tilt: Similar to a pan but moves vertically, tilting up or down to reveal height or depth.
俯仰：与摇镜类似但垂直移动，向上或向下倾斜以展示高度或深度。
Zoom: The lens adjusts to make the subject appear closer or farther away without the camera physically moving.
变焦：镜头调整焦距使主体显得更近或更远，相机本身不发生位移。
Tracking Shot (Dolly Shot): The entire camera moves alongside the action, often mounted on tracks or a vehicle, creating a smooth, immersive movement.
跟焦/推拉镜头（移动车拍）：整个摄影机随动作移动，常架设在轨道或载具上，营造平滑、沉浸式的动感。
Handheld Shot: The camera is carried by the operator, producing a shaky, documentary-style feel that adds realism or urgency.
手持镜头：由摄影师手持拍摄，产生晃动、纪录片式质感，增添真实感或紧迫感。
4. Editing Transitions | 剪辑转场
Cut: The most basic transition; one shot instantly replaces another. It maintains pace and continuity.
切：最基础的转场，一个镜头瞬间被另一个取代，用于保持节奏和连贯性。
Fade In / Fade Out: The image gradually appears from black (fade in) or disappears to black (fade out), often signalling the start or end of a scene.
淡入/淡出：画面从黑场渐显（淡入）或渐隐至黑场（淡出），常标示场景的开始或结束。
Dissolve: One shot fades out while another simultaneously fades in, with the two images overlapping briefly to suggest a connection or passage of time.
溶解：一个镜头淡出的同时另一个镜头淡入，两幅画面短暂叠化，暗示联系或时间流逝。
Cross-cutting: Editing that alternates between two or more scenes happening at the same time, building tension or contrast.
交叉剪辑：在两个或多个同时发生的场景间来回切换，营造张力或对比。
Montage: A sequence of rapidly edited shots that compress time, convey a lot of information, or create a thematic effect.
蒙太奇：一组快速剪辑的镜头序列，压缩时间、传达大量信息或营造主题效果。
5. Sound Elements | 声音元素
Diegetic Sound: Any sound that originates from within the story world, such as dialogue, footsteps or a radio playing. Characters can hear it.
画内音（剧情声）：源自故事世界内部的任何声音，如对话、脚步声或收音机声，角色能听见。
Non-diegetic Sound: Sound added after filming that characters cannot hear, such as background music or a voiceover narrator.
画外音（非剧情声）：拍摄后加入的角色听不到的声音，如背景音乐或旁白解说。
Dialogue: The spoken words of characters, used to reveal plot, personality and relationships.
对白：角色的对话，用来揭示情节、性格和关系。
Sound Effect (SFX): Artificial or enhanced sounds added to emphasise action, e.g. a punch, explosion or thunderclap.
音效（SFX）：为强化动作而加入的人造或增强声音，如拳击声、爆炸声或雷声。
Ambient Sound: Background noise typical of a location, like birdsong in a forest or traffic hum in a city, which builds realism and atmosphere.
环境音：特定地点的典型背景噪声，如森林鸟鸣或城市车流声，用来营造真实感和氛围。
6. Mise-en-Scène | 场面调度
Setting: The physical environment where the scene takes place, either a real on-location site or a constructed set, shaping mood and context.
场景：场景发生的物理环境，可以是真实外景地或搭建的布景，塑造情绪和语境。
Props: Any movable objects used by characters or simply present in the scene, often carrying symbolic meaning (e.g. a wedding ring).
道具：角色使用或场景中存在的任何可移动物体，常携带象征意义（如结婚戒指）。
Costume & Make-up: The clothing, accessories and facial/body paint that define a character’s identity, time period and social status.
服装与化妆：界定角色身份、时代和社会地位的衣物、配饰及面部/身体妆容。
Lighting: The way light is used to illuminate the scene. High-key lighting suggests brightness and positivity; low-key lighting creates shadows and mystery.
灯光：照亮场景的方式。高调照明暗示明亮积极；低调照明制造阴影和神秘感。
Colour Palette: The overall spectrum of colours deliberately chosen for costumes, set and lighting to convey emotion or theme (e.g. warm oranges for comfort, cool blues for isolation).
色彩基调：为服装、布景和灯光特意选择的一系列色彩，以传达情绪或主题（如暖橙色代表惬意，冷蓝色代表疏离）。
7. Denotation & Connotation | 外延与内涵
Denotation: The literal, obvious meaning of a sign or image — what you actually see, without any deeper interpretation.
外延：符号或图像的表面、直白含义——即你实际看到的东西，不涉及深层解读。
Connotation: The cultural or emotional associations attached to a sign, beyond its literal meaning. For example, a red rose denotes a flower but connotes romance.
内涵：符号附带的、超出字面意义的文化或情感联想。比如红玫瑰外延指一种花，内涵则暗示浪漫。
Anchorage: Text or caption that fixes a preferred meaning to an image, steering the audience towards one specific interpretation and reducing ambiguity.
锚定：将一种优先含义“固定”到图像上的文字或标题，引导观众走向特定解读，减少歧义。
8. Genre Conventions | 类型惯例
Genre: A category of media text identified by shared characteristics in style, narrative and iconography, such as horror, sci-fi or soap opera.
类型：经风格、叙事和图像志的共同特征划分的媒体文本类别，如恐怖片、科幻片或肥皂剧。
Convention: A typical element or technique that audiences expect within a genre. For instance, jump scares are a convention of horror films.
惯例：观众在某类型中期待出现的典型元素或手法。比如突发惊吓是恐怖片的惯例之一。
Iconography: The visual symbols and props closely associated with a genre, like cowboy hats in westerns or test tubes in sci-fi.
图像志：与某类型密切相关的视觉符号和道具，如西部片中的牛仔帽或科幻片中的试管。
Hybrid Genre: A media text that blends conventions from two or more genres, creating fresh combinations such as a romantic comedy or a sci-fi thriller.
混合类型：融合两种或多种类型惯例的媒体文本，创造新组合，如浪漫喜剧或科幻惊悚片。
9. Narrative Theories | 叙事理论
Todorov’s Equilibrium: A narrative structure moving from equilibrium (normality) to disruption, recognition of the disruption, an attempt to repair it, and a new equilibrium.
托多罗夫平衡论：一种叙事结构，从平衡（常态）到打破平衡、认识失衡、尝试修复，最后达到新的平衡。
Propp’s Character Archetypes: Vladimir Propp identified recurring character roles in stories, such as the hero, villain, donor, helper and princess.
普罗普角色原型：弗拉基米尔·普罗普发现故事中反复出现的角色类型，如英雄、反派、捐赠者、帮助者和公主。
Barthes’ Enigma Code: Roland Barthes described how narratives create mystery (enigmas) to hook the audience, gradually revealing answers to maintain interest.
巴尔特谜题符码：罗兰·巴尔特描述叙事如何制造谜团（谜题）来吸引观众，并逐步揭开答案以维持兴趣。
Lévi-Strauss’ Binary Oppositions: Claude Lévi-Strauss argued that stories are driven by conflict between opposing forces, e.g. good vs evil, civilisation vs wilderness.
列维-斯特劳斯二元对立：克劳德·列维-斯特劳斯认为故事由对立力量的冲突驱动，如善与恶、文明与荒野。
10. Audience & Representation | 受众与表征
Target Audience: The specific group of people a media text is designed for, often defined by age, gender, interests or lifestyle.
目标受众：媒体文本针对的特定人群，常由年龄、性别、兴趣或生活方式界定。
Demographics: Statistical data about an audience population, typically including age, gender, income band and education level, used to categorise consumers.
人口统计：关于受众群的数据统计，通常包括年龄、性别、收入层次和教育程度，用来分类消费者。
Stereotype: An oversimplified, often exaggerated and repeated representation of a group, which can reinforce biased ideas.
刻板印象：对某一群体过度简化、往往夸张且反复出现的表征，可能强化偏见认知。
Countertype: A representation that deliberately challenges or subverts a widely recognised stereotype, encouraging the audience to rethink assumptions.
反刻板类型：刻意挑战或颠覆普遍印象的表征方式，促使观众重新审视固有看法。
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