📚 Year 10 AQA Computer Science: Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | Year 10 AQA 计算机科学术语速记指南
Welcome to the Year 10 AQA Computer Science terminology quick-reference guide. Mastering the key vocabulary is essential for understanding complex concepts, writing precise exam answers, and building a strong foundation in computational thinking. This guide breaks down crucial terms across all major topics, pairing clear English definitions with Chinese translations to support bilingual learners.
欢迎使用 Year 10 AQA 计算机科学术语速记指南。掌握关键术语对于理解复杂概念、撰写精准的考试答案以及打下扎实的计算思维基础至关重要。本指南按核心主题梳理重要词汇，将清晰的英文定义与中文翻译配对，帮助双语学习者高效记忆。
1. Computational Thinking and Algorithms | 计算思维与算法
Computational thinking involves approaching problems in a way that a computer can help solve them, using techniques like abstraction and decomposition. Algorithms are precise step-by-step instructions to complete a task.
计算思维是以计算机能够协助解决问题的方式来处理问题，涉及抽象化和分解等技术。算法是完成任务的精确分步指令。
Abstraction is the process of simplifying a complex system by focusing only on the essential details and ignoring unnecessary complexity. It helps manage detail and reduce information overload.
抽象化 是通过只关注基本细节、忽略不必要的复杂性来简化复杂系统的过程。它有助于管理细节并减少信息过载。
Decomposition means breaking a large problem down into smaller, more manageable sub-problems. Each part can then be solved individually, making the overall task easier.
分解 是指将一个大问题拆分成更小、更易于管理的子问题。然后可以分别解决每个部分，从而使整体任务更加容易。
Algorithmic thinking is the ability to develop a step-by-step strategy to solve a problem. It involves identifying the logical sequence of operations needed to reach the desired outcome.
算法思维 是制定分步策略来解决问题的能力。它包括识别达到预期结果所需的操作逻辑顺序。
Pseudocode is a simplified, informal way of describing an algorithm using structured English that resembles programming statements. It is not specific to one programming language and is often used in planning.
伪代码 是一种使用结构化英语描述算法的简化、非正式方法，类似于编程语句。它不局限于某种编程语言，常用于规划阶段。
Flowchart is a diagrammatic representation of an algorithm or process, using standard symbols such as ovals for start/end, parallelograms for input/output, and diamonds for decisions. It visually shows the flow of control.
流程图 是算法或过程的图形化表示，使用标准符号，如椭圆表示开始/结束，平行四边形表示输入/输出，菱形表示判断。它以可视化方式展示控制流。
2. Programming Fundamentals | 编程基础
Understanding the building blocks of programming languages helps learners write correct and efficient code. Key concepts include variables, data types, control structures, and modular programming techniques.
理解编程语言的基本构建块有助于学习者编写正确高效的代码。关键概念包括变量、数据类型、控制结构和模块化编程技术。
Variable is a named memory location that stores a data value which can change while the program is running. Each variable has a unique identifier and a data type.
变量 是一个命名的内存位置，用于存储程序运行时可以改变的数据值。每个变量都有唯一的标识符和数据类型。
Constant is similar to a variable, but its value is set once and cannot be changed during the execution of the program. Constants make code easier to read and maintain.
常量 类似于变量，但其值一旦设定，在程序执行期间就不能更改。常量使代码更易阅读和维护。
Assignment is the process of giving a value to a variable or constant, typically using the equals sign (=). For example, score = 10 assigns the value 10 to the variable score.
赋值 是给变量或常量赋予值的过程，通常使用等号（=）。例如，score = 10 将值 10 赋给变量 score。
Sequence is the simplest control structure where statements are executed one after another in the order they are written. Every program relies on sequential execution as its starting point.
顺序 是最简单的控制结构，语句按照书写顺序逐条执行。每个程序都依赖于顺序执行作为其出发点。
Selection allows a program to make decisions and execute different code blocks based on conditions. It is implemented using IF…THEN…ELSE statements, enabling branching logic.
选择 允许程序做出决策，并根据条件执行不同的代码块。它通过 IF…THEN…ELSE 语句实现，从而实现分支逻辑。
Iteration (looping) repeats a block of code multiple times. Definite iteration (count-controlled) uses FOR loops; indefinite iteration (condition-controlled) uses WHILE or DO…UNTIL loops.
迭代（循环）重复执行代码块多次。确定循环（计数控制）使用 FOR 循环；非确定循环（条件控制）使用 WHILE 或 DO…UNTIL 循环。
3. Data Types and Structures | 数据类型与结构
Different kinds of data require different storage and manipulation methods. Data types define the nature of a value, while data structures organise multiple values for efficient processing.
不同种类的数据需要不同的存储和操作方法。数据类型定义了值的性质，而数据结构则组织多个值以实现高效处理。
Integer is a whole number that can be positive, negative, or zero, without a fractional component. Examples: 5, -42, 0. In Python, the int type is used.
整数 是可以为正数、负数或零且没有小数部分的整数。例如：5, -42, 0。在 Python 中，使用 int 类型。
Float (real) is a number that contains a decimal point, allowing fractional values. It can represent numbers such as 3.14 or -0.001. Floating-point numbers are stored in scientific notation in memory.
浮点数（实数） 是包含小数点的数字，允许有小数部分。它可以表示如 3.14 或 -0.001 这样的数字。浮点数在内存中以科学记数法存储。
Boolean is a data type that can hold only one of two possible values: True or False. It is essential for logical operations, selection, and iteration conditions.
布尔型 是一种只能取两个可能值之一的数据类型：真（True）或假（False）。它对逻辑运算、选择和迭代条件至关重要。
Character is a single letter, digit, or symbol represented by a character code. A string is a sequence of characters. Characters are the fundamental building blocks of text data.
字符 是由字符代码表示的单个字母、数字或符号。字符串是字符序列。字符是文本数据的基本构建块。
Array is a data structure that holds a fixed number of elements of the same data type under a single identifier. A 1D array is a list; a 2D array resembles a table with rows and columns. Elements are accessed by index, typically starting from 0.
数组 是一种数据结构，使用单一标识符存储固定数量的相同数据类型元素。一维数组相当于列表；二维数组类似于有行和列的表格。元素通过索引访问，索引通常从 0 开始。
4. Data Representation | 数据表示
Computers store and process all data as binary digits (bits). Understanding how numbers, text, images, and sound are converted into binary is essential for analysing storage requirements and data quality.
计算机将所有数据以二进制位（比特）的形式存储和处理。理解数字、文本、图像和声音如何转换为二进制，对于分析存储需求和数据质量至关重要。
Bit is the smallest unit of data in a computer, holding either 0 or 1. A nibble is 4 bits, a byte is 8 bits, and a kilobyte (KB) is approximately 1,000 bytes (often 2¹⁰ = 1024 bytes in computing).
位（bit） 是计算机中最小的数据单位，取值为 0 或 1。半字节（nibble） 是 4 位，字节（byte） 是 8 位，千字节（KB）约 1,000 字节（计算中常用 2¹⁰ = 1024 字节）。
Binary is a base-2 number system using only 0 and 1. Any denary (base-10) number can be converted to binary. For example, the binary number 1101₂ is 1×2³ + 1×2² + 0×2¹ + 1×2⁰ = 13₁₀.
二进制 是仅使用 0 和 1 的基数为 2 的计数系统。任何十进制数都可以转换为二进制。例如，二进制数 1101₂ 等于 1×2³ + 1×2² + 0×2¹ + 1×2⁰ = 13₁₀。
Hexadecimal is a base-16 system using digits 0-9 and letters A-F (representing 10-15). It provides a compact way to represent binary values; one hex digit corresponds to exactly four bits, simplifying reading and writing long binary sequences.
十六进制 是基数为 16 的系统，使用数字 0-9 和字母 A-F（表示 10-15）。它提供了一种紧凑的二进制表示方式；一个十六进制位恰好对应四个二进制位，简化了长二进制序列的读写。
Pixel is the smallest addressable element in a raster image. The colour of each pixel is stored as a binary value. Image resolution is the number of pixels per inch (PPI) or total pixels (width × height). Colour depth (bit depth) determines how many distinct colours can be represented; e.g., a 24-bit depth allows 2²⁴ ≈ 16.7 million colours.
像素 是栅格图像中最小的可寻址单元。每个像素的颜色以二进制值存储。图像分辨率是每英寸像素数（PPI）或总像素数（宽 × 高）。色彩深度（位深度）决定可以表示多少种不同颜色；例如，24 位深度可表示 2²⁴ ≈ 1670 万种颜色。
Sound sampling converts an analogue sound wave into digital data by measuring the amplitude at regular intervals. The sample rate (e.g., 44.1 kHz) is the number of samples per second. Bit depth determines the precision of each sample; higher rates and depths give better quality but larger file sizes.
声音采样 通过定期测量振幅，将模拟声波转换为数字数据。采样率（例如 44.1 kHz）是每秒的采样次数。位深度决定每个采样的精度；更高的采样率和位深度带来更好的音质，但文件大小也更大。
5. Computer Architecture and Hardware | 计算机体系结构与硬件
The central processing unit (CPU) executes instructions and performs calculations. Understanding its components and how they interact reveals what happens when a program runs.
中央处理器（CPU）执行指令并进行计算。了解其组成以及各部分如何相互作用，可以揭示程序运行时的底层过程。
Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer that fetches, decodes, and executes instructions. It consists of the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and registers, all synchronised by a system clock.
中央处理器（CPU） 是计算机的大脑，负责取指、解码和执行指令。它由控制单元、算术逻辑单元和寄存器组成，并由系统时钟同步。
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) performs all arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction) and logical operations (AND, OR, NOT) required by instructions. It is the calculation engine inside the CPU.
算术逻辑单元（ALU） 执行指令所需的所有算术运算（加、减）和逻辑运算（与、或、非）。它是 CPU 内部的计算引擎。
Control Unit (CU) directs the operation of the processor by generating control signals. It coordinates the fetch-decode-execute cycle, managing the flow of data between the CPU and memory.
控制单元（CU） 通过生成控制信号来指挥处理器的操作。它协调取指-解码-执行周期，管理 CPU 和内存之间的数据流。
Registers are small, high-speed storage locations inside the CPU. Key registers include the Program Counter (PC) holding the address of the next instruction, the Memory Address Register (MAR), Memory Data Register (MDR), and Accumulator storing intermediate results.
寄存器 是 CPU 内部的小型高速存储位置。关键寄存器包括程序计数器（PC），存放下一条指令的地址；内存地址寄存器（MAR）；内存数据寄存器（MDR）；以及累加器，存放中间结果。
Clock speed measures how many fetch-decode-execute cycles the CPU can perform per second, typically in gigahertz (GHz). A higher clock speed usually means faster processing, but other factors like cache memory also influence performance.
时钟速度 衡量 CPU 每秒可执行多少次取指-解码-执行周期，通常以千兆赫兹（GHz）为单位。较高的时钟速度通常意味着更快的处理速度，但缓存等其他因素也影响性能。
Embedded system is a dedicated computer built into a larger device to perform a specific, pre-programmed task. Examples include washing machine controllers, engine management units, and microwave ovens. They are often optimised for low power and cost.
嵌入式系统 是内置在较大设备中、用于执行特定预编程任务的专用计算机。例子包括洗衣机控制器、发动机管理单元和微波炉。它们通常针对低功耗和低成本进行优化。
6. System Software and Storage | 系统软件与存储
System software manages the hardware and provides a platform for application programs. Storage devices hold data permanently or temporarily, each with different characteristics of speed, cost, and volatility.
系统软件管理硬件并为应用程序提供平台。存储设备永久或临时保存数据，每种设备在速度、成本和易变性上各有特点。
Operating System (OS) is system software that controls hardware, manages resources (CPU, memory, I/O), and provides a user interface. It handles file management, multitasking, and security. Common examples include Windows, macOS, and Linux.
操作系统（OS） 是控制硬件、管理资源（CPU、内存、输入输出）并提供用户界面的系统软件。它处理文件管理、多任务处理和安全。常见例子有 Windows、macOS 和 Linux。
Utility software performs maintenance and optimisation tasks on a computer. Examples include disk defragmenters, backup tools, antivirus scanners, and compression utilities. These programs support the OS and help keep the system efficient.
实用工具软件 执行计算机的维护和优化任务。例如磁盘碎片整理工具、备份工具、杀毒软件和压缩软件。这些程序支持操作系统并帮助保持系统高效。
Primary storage refers to memory directly accessible by the CPU. RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile, fast, and used for currently running programs and data. ROM (Read-Only Memory) is non-volatile, contains firmware such as the BIOS, and retains data when the power is off.
主存储器 指 CPU 可直接访问的内存。RAM（随机存取存储器） 是易失性的，速度快，用于存放当前运行的程序和数据。ROM（只读存储器） 是非易失性的，包含固件（如 BIOS），断电后仍能保留数据。
Secondary storage is non-volatile and used for long-term data retention. Magnetic storage (hard disk drives) uses spinning platters; optical storage (CDs, DVDs) uses lasers to read reflective surfaces; solid state storage (SSDs, USB drives) uses flash memory with no moving parts, offering faster access and greater durability.
辅助存储器 是非易失性的，用于长期保存数据。磁存储（硬盘驱动器）使用旋转盘片；光存储（CD、DVD）用激光读取反射表面；固态存储（SSD、U盘）使用闪存，无移动部件，访问速度更快且更耐用。
Virtual memory is a technique where the OS uses a portion of secondary storage (e.g., hard disk) as an extension of RAM. It allows the system to run larger applications when physical RAM is full, but data transfer is slower compared to actual RAM.
虚拟内存 是操作系统将一部分辅助存储器（如硬盘）用作 RAM 扩展的技术。它允许在物理 RAM 已满时运行更大的应用程序，但数据传输速度比实际 RAM 慢。
7. Networks and Protocols | 网络与协议
Computer networks allow devices to share data and resources. Standardised protocols define the rules for communication, ensuring reliable and understandable data exchange across different systems.
计算机网络允许设备共享数据和资源。标准化的协议定义了通信规则，确保不同系统之间可靠且可理解的数据交换。
LAN (Local Area Network) connects computers within a small geographical area, such as a school or office building. It typically uses Ethernet cables or Wi-Fi and offers high data transfer rates.
局域网（LAN） 在较小的地理区域内（如学校或办公楼）连接计算机。它通常使用以太网电缆或 Wi-Fi，并提供高数据传输速率。
WAN (Wide Area Network) spans a large geographical area, often connecting LANs across cities or countries. The internet is the largest WAN. WAN connections generally have slower speeds compared to LANs and rely on telecommunications links.
广域网（WAN） 跨越较大的地理区域，通常跨城市或国家连接局域网。互联网是最大的广域网。与局域网相比，广域网连接速度通常较慢，并依赖于电信链路。
Protocol is a set of rules governing how data is transmitted and received over a network. Key internet protocols include TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) which ensures reliable delivery, HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) for web pages, HTTPS (secure HTTP), FTP (File Transfer Protocol), and email protocols like SMTP (sending) and POP3 (receiving).
协议 是一组管理数据如何通过网络发送和接收的规则。关键的互联网协议包括 TCP/IP（传输控制协议/互联网协议）确保可靠传输，HTTP（超文本传输协议）用于网页，HTTPS（安全的 HTTP），FTP（文件传输协议），以及电子邮件协议如 SMTP（发送）和 POP3（接收）。
MAC address is a unique 48-bit hardware identifier assigned to each network interface card (NIC) at manufacture. It is used for communication within the same local network segment. IP address identifies a device’s logical location on a network and can change when the device moves to a different network.
MAC 地址 是制造时为每个网络接口卡（NIC）分配的唯一 48 位硬件标识符，用于同一本地网络段内的通信。IP 地址 标识设备在网络上的逻辑位置，当设备移动到不同网络时可能改变。
Packet switching is a method of breaking data into small chunks (packets) before transmission. Each packet carries the destination IP address and sequence number, and may travel via different routes. The receiving node reassembles the packets into the original message.
分组交换 是一种在传输前将数据分割成小块（分组）的方法。每个分组携带目的 IP 地址和序列号，并可通过不同路由传输。接收节点将分组重新组合成原始消息。
8. Cyber Security | 网络安全
Protecting computer systems and networks against unauthorised access, attacks, and damage is a critical part of modern computing. Awareness of threats and defence mechanisms is essential for every user and programmer.
保护计算机系统和网络免受未经授权的访问、攻击和破坏是现代计算的关键部分。了解威胁与防御机制对每个用户和程序员都至关重要。
Malware is malicious software designed to harm or exploit any programmable device or network. Common types include viruses (attach to files and replicate), worms (self-replicate without a host file), and trojans (disguise themselves as legitimate software).
恶意软件 是旨在损害或利用任何可编程设备或网络的恶意软件。常见类型包括病毒（附着文件并复制）、蠕虫（无需宿主文件即可自我复制）和木马（伪装成合法软件）。
Phishing is a social engineering attack where victims are tricked into revealing sensitive information, such as passwords or bank details, via fake emails or websites that appear to be from trusted organisations. It often creates a sense of urgency.
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