Year 10 CAIE Business: Key Terms Quick Memory Guide | 关键术语速记指南

📚 Year 10 CAIE Business: Key Terms Quick Memory Guide | 关键术语速记指南

Mastering business terminology is essential for success in CAIE IGCSE Business Studies. This guide will help you learn and remember key terms through simple explanations and memory tricks, pairing each English concept with its Chinese equivalent to reinforce bilingual understanding.

掌握商务术语是 CAIE IGCSE 商务研究成功的关键。本指南通过简单的解释和记忆技巧帮助你学习和记忆关键术语，每个英文概念都配有对应的中文解释，以加深双语理解。

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1. Scarcity and Choice | 稀缺性与选择

Needs: The essentials for survival, such as food, water, shelter, and clothing. They are limited and must be satisfied first. Think ‘N’ for ‘Necessity’.

需求： 生存必需品，如食物、水、住所和衣物。它们是有限的，必须首先满足。记住 ‘N’ 代表‘必需品’（Necessity）。

Wants: Desires that are not essential for survival, like luxury cars or holidays. They are unlimited. Remember ‘W’ for ‘Wish’.

欲望： 不是生存所必需的愿望，比如豪车或度假。它们是无限的。记住 ‘W’ 代表‘愿望’（Wish）。

Scarcity: The basic economic problem — unlimited wants but only limited resources. No society has enough resources to produce everything everyone wants. Visualise a line of people wanting the same last piece of cake.

稀缺性： 基本经济问题——无限的欲望，但只有有限的资源。没有一个社会有足够资源来生产每个人想要的一切。想象一群人盯着最后一块蛋糕。

Opportunity Cost: The next best alternative given up when a choice is made. For example, if a government spends money on building a hospital, the opportunity cost might be the new road it could have built. Use the phrase ‘Cost of Choice’ to remember.

机会成本： 做出选择时所放弃的次优替代方案。例如，如果政府花钱建一所医院，机会成本可能是本可以修建的新公路。用‘选择的代价’来记忆。

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2. Factors of Production | 生产要素

Land: All natural resources used in production, like fields, minerals, and water. Not just ‘dirt’. Remember: ‘Land’ also includes what’s beneath and above.

土地： 生产中使用的所有自然资源，如田地、矿产和水。不仅仅是‘泥土’。记住：‘土地’还包括地下和地上的资源。

Labour: The human effort, both physical and mental, used to produce goods and services. Think of workers. ‘Labour’ sounds like ‘labourer’.

劳动力： 用于生产商品和服务的人的努力，包括体力和脑力。想想‘劳动者’。‘Labour’ 听起来像 ‘labourer’。

Capital: Man-made goods used to produce other goods, like machinery, factories, and tools. Not money! (In business, money is financial capital, but here it refers to physical capital). A catchy mnemonic: Land, Labour, Capital, Enterprise spell ‘C.E.L.L.’? Better: Think of ‘Lucky Land’, ‘Labouring Labour’, ‘Clever Capital’, ‘Energetic Enterprise’.

资本： 用于生产其他商品的人造商品，如机器、工厂和工具。不是金钱！（在商业中，金钱是金融资本，但这里指实物资本）。一个顺口溜：土地、劳动、资本、企业，合称‘土地老，劳力忙，资本强，企业旺’。

Enterprise: The ability to combine the other factors of production, take risks, and innovate. The entrepreneur provides enterprise. Visualise a chef mixing ingredients — enterprise brings everything together.

企业（企业家精神）： 组合其他生产要素、承担风险和创新的能力。企业家提供企业精神。想象一位厨师混合食材——企业家精神把一切结合在一起。

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3. Specialisation and Added Value | 专业化与增值

Specialisation: When individuals, firms, or countries focus on producing a limited range of goods or services to increase efficiency. Adam Smith’s pin factory example: one worker making the whole pin is slow; dividing tasks speeds up production. Remember the ‘Assembly Line’ — each person does one small job.

专业化： 个人、企业或国家专注于生产有限范围的商品或服务以提高效率。亚当·斯密的别针工厂例子：一个工人制作整枚别针很慢；分工加快了生产。记住‘流水线’——每人只做一小部分工作。

Division of Labour: Breaking a production process into smaller tasks, each performed by a different worker. This increases output. Think of a ‘relay race’ — each runner specialises in a leg.

劳动分工： 将生产过程分解成更小的任务，每个任务由不同的工人完成，从而增加产量。想象‘接力赛’——每个赛跑者专攻一段。

Added Value: The difference between the selling price of a product and the cost of bought-in materials. For example, a carpenter buys wood for £10 and sells a chair for £30; the added value is £20. It’s not profit because other expenses aren’t deducted.

增值： 产品售价与购入材料成本之间的差额。例如，木匠花10英镑买木头，卖出椅子30英镑；增值为20英镑。这不是利润，因为还没扣除其他费用。

Added Value = Selling Price − Cost of Materials

公式记忆：增值就像你做蛋糕，面粉和糖的成本以外，你的烘焙值钱。

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4. The Entrepreneur and Business Plan | 企业家与商业计划

Entrepreneur: A person who organises, operates, and takes the risk for a new business venture. Key traits: risk-taker, innovative, determined. Remember ‘Entre’ means ‘enter’, they enter new opportunities.

企业家： 组织、运营并承担新企业风险的人。关键特质：冒险精神、创新、坚定。记住‘Entre’意为‘进入’，他们进入新机会。

Business Plan: A written document describing a business’s objectives, strategies, market, and financial forecasts. It helps secure loans and guides the entrepreneur. Think of it as a ‘road map’. Components: executive summary, market analysis, marketing plan, financial plan. Use the mnemonic ‘E.M.M.F.’ (Executive, Market, Marketing, Finances).

商业计划： 描述企业目标、战略、市场和财务预测的书面文件。它有助于获得贷款并指导企业家。把它想象成‘路线图’。组成部分：执行摘要、市场分析、营销计划、财务计划。可用缩写‘E.M.M.F.’记忆。

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5. Sole Traders and Partnerships | 个体户与合伙

Sole Trader: A business owned and controlled by one person. The owner has unlimited liability — meaning personal assets can be seized to pay business debts. Easy to set up, but carries high risk. Remember: ‘Sole’ = alone.

个体经营者（独资企业）： 由一个人拥有和控制的企业。所有者承担无限责任——意味着个人资产可能被用来偿还企业债务。设立简单，但风险高。记住：‘Sole’= 独自。

Partnership: A business owned by 2 to 20 partners. Partners typically sign a Deed of Partnership, sharing profits and liabilities. In an ordinary partnership, they also have unlimited liability. Think of a ‘team’ with shared responsibility. A limited partnership allows some partners limited liability, but at least one must have unlimited liability.

合伙

Published by TutorHao | Year 10 商务 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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