📚 Year 10 WJEC Accounting: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Guide | Year 10 WJEC 会计：公式定理速查手册
Welcome to the Year 10 WJEC Accounting Formula and Theorem Quick Reference Guide. This resource compiles the essential equations, rules and ratios you need to master for your exams. Each entry is presented in a clear, bilingual format to help you memorize and apply the concepts confidently. From the fundamental accounting equation to efficiency ratios, this guide covers the core building blocks of the subject.
欢迎使用 Year 10 WJEC 会计公式定理速查手册。本资料汇编了你必须掌握的核心公式、规则与比率。每个条目均以清晰的双语形式呈现，帮助你记忆并自信地应用这些概念。从基本的会计等式到效率比率，本指南覆盖了该学科的核心基础。
1. The Accounting Equation | 会计等式
The accounting equation is the cornerstone of double-entry bookkeeping. It states that everything a business owns (assets) is financed by what it owes (liabilities) and the owner’s stake (equity). The equation must remain in balance after every transaction.
会计等式是复式记账的基石。它表明企业拥有的一切（资产）均由其所欠的债务（负债）和所有者的投入（权益）提供资金。每一笔交易后，该等式都必须保持平衡。
Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity
Assets are resources controlled by the business (e.g., cash, inventory, equipment). Liabilities are obligations to outsiders (e.g., bank loans, trade payables). Owner’s equity represents the residual claim of the owner, which includes the initial capital plus retained profits less drawings.
资产是企业控制的资源（如现金、存货、设备）。负债是对外界的义务（如银行贷款、应付账款）。所有者权益代表所有者的剩余索取权，包括初始资本加上留存利润减去提款。
2. Double-Entry Rules | 复式记账规则
Every transaction affects at least two accounts, with total debits always equalling total credits. Assets and expenses increase on the debit side and decrease on the credit side. Liabilities, owner’s equity and revenue increase on the credit side and decrease on the debit side.
每笔交易至少影响两个账户，而且借方总额始终等于贷方总额。资产和费用在借方增加，贷方减少。负债、所有者权益和收入在贷方增加，借方减少。
Debit entries (Dr) represent: increases in assets and expenses, decreases in liabilities and equity. Credit entries (Cr) represent: increases in liabilities, equity and revenue, decreases in assets and expenses. Remember the mnemonic: ‘DEAD CLIC’ – Debit Expenses, Assets, Drawings; Credit Liabilities, Income, Capital.
借方分录（Dr）表示：资产和费用的增加，负债和权益的减少。贷方分录（Cr）表示：负债、权益和收入的增加，资产和费用的减少。记忆口诀为“DEAD CLIC”——借方：费用、资产、提款；贷方：负债、收入、资本。
3. Trial Balance | 试算平衡表
A trial balance is a list of all general ledger account balances, prepared to check the arithmetic accuracy of the books. The total of debit balances must equal the total of credit balances.
试算平衡表是总分类账所有账户余额的列表，用于检查账簿的运算准确性。借方余额总和必须等于贷方余额总和。
Total Debit Balances = Total Credit Balances
If the trial balance does not agree, it indicates one or more errors, such as an incorrect addition, a posting to the wrong side, or an omitted entry. A balanced trial balance does not guarantee the absence of all errors (e.g., compensating errors or errors of principle).
如果试算平衡表不平衡，则表明存在一个或多个错误，例如加总错误、过账错误方向或漏记分录。但平衡的试算平衡表并不能保证完全没有错误（如抵消性错误或原则性错误）。
4. Income Statement Formulas | 损益表公式
The income statement measures the financial performance of a business over a period. It follows a logical sequence to arrive at the profit or loss for the year.
损益表衡量企业在一段时间内的财务业绩。它按照逻辑顺序计算出该年度的利润或亏损。
Revenue – Cost of Sales = Gross Profit
Cost of Sales = Opening Inventory + Purchases – Closing Inventory
Gross Profit – Expenses + Other Income = Profit for the Year
Revenue represents income earned from selling goods or services. Cost of sales reflects the direct cost of the goods sold. Expenses include rent, wages, utilities, depreciation and any allowance for doubtful debts. Other income may include commission received or discounts received.
收入代表销售商品或提供服务所赚取的收益。销售成本反映所售商品的直接成本。费用包括租金、工资、水电费、折旧以及任何坏账准备。其他收入可能包括收到的佣金或折扣。
5. Statement of Financial Position Formulas | 财务状况表公式
The statement of financial position shows the assets, liabilities and equity of the business at a specific point in time. It is a direct application of the accounting equation.
财务状况表显示企业在某一特定时点的资产、负债和权益。它是会计等式的直接应用。
Non-Current Assets + Current Assets = Total Assets
Capital + Non-Current Liabilities + Current Liabilities = Total Equity and Liabilities
Net Current Assets (Working Capital) = Current Assets – Current Liabilities
Non-current assets are long-term resources (e.g., machinery, vehicles). Current assets are short-term resources (e.g., inventory, trade receivables, cash). Current liabilities are obligations due within one year (e.g., trade payables, bank overdraft). The equation Total Assets – Total Liabilities = Closing Equity must always hold.
非流动资产是长期资源（如机器、车辆）。流动资产是短期资源（如存货、应收账款、现金）。流动负债是在一年内到期的义务（如应付账款、银行透支）。等式 总资产 – 总负债 = 期末权益 必须恒成立。
6. Depreciation: Straight-Line Method | 折旧：直线法
Depreciation allocates the cost of a non-current asset over its useful life. The straight-line method charges an equal amount each year.
折旧将非流动资产的成本在其使用寿命内进行分摊。直线法每年计提相等的金额。
Annual Depreciation = (Cost – Residual Value) ÷ Useful Life
Net Book Value = Cost – Accumulated Depreciation
The residual value is the estimated disposal value at the end of the asset’s life. Accumulated depreciation is the total depreciation charged to date. Depreciation is recorded as an expense in the income statement and reduces the asset’s carrying amount on the statement of financial position.
残值是资产使用寿命结束时预估的处置价值。累计折旧是到目前为止计提的折旧总额。折旧在损益表中作为费用记录，并减少资产负债表中资产的账面价值。
7. Bad Debts and Provision for Doubtful Debts | 坏账与坏账准备
When a receivable is certain not to be collected, it is written off as a bad debt. A provision for doubtful debts is an estimate of future bad debts based on trade receivables, achieved through the matching concept.
当应收账款确定无法收回时，将其核销为坏账。坏账准备则是基于应收账款对未来坏账的估计，体现了配比概念。
Bad Debts Expense = Bad Debts Written Off + Increase in Provision – Decrease in Provision
To calculate the increase or decrease, compare the required closing provision (e.g., 5% of trade receivables) with the existing opening provision. An increase is charged as an expense; a decrease is credited to the income statement. The allowance is deducted from trade receivables in the statement of financial position.
为了计算增加或减少的金额，需要将所需的期末准备（例如应收账款的5%）与现有的期初准备进行比较。增加额被确认为费用；减少额则贷记损益表。在财务状况表中，该准备从应收账款中扣除。
8. Inventory Valuation: FIFO and AVCO | 存货计价：先进先出法与加权平均法
Inventory must be valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Two common costing methods are FIFO (First In, First Out) and AVCO (Weighted Average Cost).
存货必须按成本与可变现净值孰低法进行计价。两种常见的成本计算方法是先进先出法 (FIFO) 和加权平均成本法 (AVCO)。
FIFO: Closing Inventory valued at most recent purchase costs
AVCO: Average Cost = Total Cost of Goods Available for Sale ÷ Total Units Available for Sale
Under FIFO, the oldest costs are assigned to cost of sales, leaving the latest costs in ending inventory. Under AVCO, each unit is assigned the same weighted average cost, which smooths out price fluctuations. Both methods affect gross profit if purchase prices change.
在先进先出法下，最早的成本被分配给销售成本，最新的成本则留在期末存货中。在加权平均成本法下，每个单位被分配相同的加权平均成本，从而平滑了价格波动。如果采购价格发生变化，两种方法都会影响毛利。
9. Profitability Ratios | 盈利能力比率
Profitability ratios assess a business’s ability to generate earnings relative to revenue, costs and capital employed.
盈利能力比率评估企业相对于收入、成本和资本运用产生收益的能力。
Gross Profit Margin = (Gross Profit ÷ Revenue) × 100%
Net Profit Margin = (Profit for the Year ÷ Revenue) × 100%
Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) = (Profit for the Year ÷ Capital Employed) × 100%
Gross profit margin reveals how effectively a business controls its cost of sales. Net profit margin shows overall efficiency after all expenses. ROCE measures the return generated on the funds invested – typically Capital Employed = Total Assets – Current Liabilities (or Owner’s Equity + Non-Current Liabilities). Interpreting trends and comparing with industry averages is essential.
毛利率揭示了企业控制销售成本的效率。净利率显示了扣除所有费用后的整体效率。已用资本回报率 (ROCE) 衡量投资资金所产生的回报——通常 已用资本 = 总资产 – 流动负债（或 所有者权益 + 非流动负债）。分析趋势并与行业平均水平进行比较至关重要。
10. Liquidity Ratios | 流动性比率
Liquidity ratios evaluate a firm’s ability to meet its short-term obligations as they fall due.
流动性比率评估企业按时偿还短期债务的能力。
Current Ratio = Current Assets ÷ Current Liabilities
Acid Test Ratio (Quick Ratio) = (Current Assets – Inventory) ÷ Current Liabilities
The current ratio indicates whether the business has enough short-term resources to cover its short-term debts. A ratio of 1.5:1 to 2:1 is often considered healthy, though it varies by industry. The acid test ratio is a stricter measure, excluding inventory because it may not be readily convertible to cash. A ratio of 1:1 is generally acceptable.
流动比率表明企业是否有足够的短期资源来偿还其短期债务。通常认为1.5:1 到 2:1 的比率是健康的，尽管这因行业而异。速动比率是一个更严格的衡量指标，它排除了存货，因为存货可能不易变现。1:1 的比率通常被认为是可以接受的。
11. Efficiency Ratios | 效率比率
Efficiency ratios measure how well a business manages its inventory, trade receivables and trade payables.
效率比率衡量企业管理其存货、应收账款和应付账款的能力。
Rate of Inventory Turnover = Cost of Sales ÷ Average Inventory
Trade Receivables Days = (Trade Receivables ÷ Credit Sales) × 365
Trade Payables Days = (Trade Payables ÷ Credit Purchases) × 365
Average inventory is typically (Opening Inventory + Closing Inventory) ÷ 2. A higher inventory turnover suggests efficient stock management. Trade receivables days indicate how long on average it takes to collect debts from credit customers; a lower figure is usually better. Trade payables days show how long the business takes to pay its suppliers; balancing liquidity and goodwill is key.
平均存货通常为（期初存货 + 期末存货） ÷ 2。较高的存货周转率表明存货管理效率较高。应收账款周转天数表明从赊销客户处收回款项平均需要多长时间；该数值通常越低越好。应付账款周转天数表明企业支付供应商所需的时间；在流动性和商业信誉之间保持平衡是关键。
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