Year 10 WJEC Geography: Case Study Practical Exercises | Year 10 WJEC 地理：案例分析实战演练

📚 Year 10 WJEC Geography: Case Study Practical Exercises | Year 10 WJEC 地理：案例分析实战演练

For Year 10 WJEC Geography students, case studies are not just stories – they are the evidence you need to support your answers and hit those high marks in exams. This article gives you a practical, step-by-step guide to mastering case study analysis, from tectonic hazards to urban change and coastal management. You will find clear frameworks, real-world examples, and practice tasks that mirror the style of WJEC’s structured questions.

对于 Year 10 WJEC 地理学生来说，案例研究不仅仅是故事，更是你在考试中支撑答案、冲击高分所需的证据。本文为你提供一份循序渐进的实践指南，帮助你掌握从构造灾害到城市变迁、海岸管理等案例分析。你将获得清晰的框架、源自真实世界的例子，以及贴近 WJEC 结构化题目风格的练习任务。

1. Why Case Study Skills Matter | 为什么案例分析技能如此重要

WJEC exams consistently ask you to ‘use a named example’ or ‘refer to a case study’. This means you cannot rely on general knowledge alone. You must know specific places, dates, statistics, and processes. A well-chosen and well-explained case study can lift a Level 2 answer to Level 3 because it demonstrates depth and application.

WJEC 考试经常会要求你“使用一个具体案例”或“参考某个案例研究”。这意味着你不能仅凭常识作答。你必须掌握具体的地点、日期、数据和过程。一个选择恰当、解释清楚的案例可以把一道 Level 2 的答案提升到 Level 3，因为它体现了深度和应用能力。

Examiners look for precise facts – not vague descriptions. For instance, ‘Typhoon Haiyan had wind speeds of up to 315 km/h’ is far stronger than ‘the typhoon was very strong’. Building a bank of accurate details across physical and human geography topics is your best revision strategy.

考官看重精准的事实，而非模糊的描述。例如，“台风海燕的风速高达 315 km/h”远比“台风很强”更有说服力。在自然地理和人文地理各个专题中积累准确的细节信息，是你最有效的复习策略。

2. The 4-Part Case Study Framework | 四步案例框架

Every case study can be broken down into four core parts: Location, Causes, Effects (Impacts), and Responses (Management). This structure helps you organise your knowledge and ensures you cover all the aspects WJEC expects.

每一个案例都可以拆解为四个核心部分：位置、原因、影响（效应）和响应（管理）。这个结构能帮助你组织知识，确保覆盖 WJEC 所要求的各个方面。

Location: give a specific site and situation, including relevant map coordinates or regional context. Causes: explain the processes that led to the event or issue, using key terminology. Effects: separate into primary/secondary and short-term/long-term, and consider social, economic, and environmental dimensions. Responses: analyse immediate and long-term actions, as well as the effectiveness of these responses.

位置：给出具体的地点与区位，包括相关的地图坐标或区域背景。原因：运用关键术语，解释导致该事件或问题的过程。影响：分为原生/次生、短期/长期，并考虑社会、经济、环境维度。响应：分析即时和长期的行动，以及这些响应的有效性。

Use the acronym CLER to remember: Characteristics and location, Links to theory, Evidence (stats, dates), Responses. This turns abstract textbook ideas into exam-ready material.

用首字母缩写 CLER 来记忆：Characteristics（特征与位置）、Links（联系理论）、Evidence（例证、数据）、Responses（响应）。这能把抽象的课本概念转化为备考就绪的素材。

3. Tectonic Hazard Case Study: A Worked Example | 构造灾害案例：实操范例

Let’s apply the framework to the 2015 Nepal earthquake (Gorkha earthquake). This is a popular example for WJEC because it illustrates a destructive plate margin event in a low-income country (LIC).

让我们把框架应用到 2015 年尼泊尔地震（廓尔喀地震）。这是一个 WJEC 常用的例子，因为它展示了一个低收入国家发生的板块破坏边界事件。

Location: Epicentre in Barpak, Gorkha district, approximately 80 km northwest of Kathmandu. Magnitude 7.8 Mw, shallow focus (15 km depth), along the convergent Eurasian–Indian plate boundary.

位置：震中位于廓尔喀地区巴帕克，加德满都西北约 80 km。矩震级 7.8，震源浅（深度 15 km），位于欧亚板块与印度板块的汇聚边界。

Causes: The Indian plate is subducting under the Eurasian plate at a rate of about 45 mm/year. Stress built up over decades, eventually released as a thrust-fault rupture. The shallow focus amplified ground shaking.

原因：印度板块正以约 45 mm/年的速度俯冲到欧亚板块之下。数十年来应力不断积累，最终以逆冲断层破裂释放。震源浅加剧了地面震动。

Effects: Nearly 9 000 deaths, over 22 000 injured. More than 600 000 buildings destroyed, including historic Dharahara Tower. Landslides blocked roads and rivers, hampering relief. Economic losses estimated at USD 7 billion.

影响：近 9 000 人死亡，超过 22 000 人受伤。60 多万栋建筑物被毁，包括历史地标达拉哈拉塔。山体滑坡阻塞道路和河流，阻碍救援。经济损失估计达 70 亿美元。

Responses: International aid (USD 3 billion pledged) was slow to reach remote villages. Search-and-rescue teams from India and China arrived within 48 hours. Long-term rebuilding included stricter building codes and community-based disaster preparedness programmes.

响应：国际援助（承诺 30 亿美元）在抵达偏远村庄时存在延迟。来自印度和中国的搜救队在 48 小时内抵达。长期重建包括更严格的建筑规范以及基于社区的灾害防备计划。

4. Typhoon Haiyan: Hazards in LICs | 台风海燕：低收入国家的灾害

Typhoon Haiyan (2013) remains a key example of an extreme weather event affecting a tectonically active but low-income region. It allows you to discuss vulnerability, climate change context, and international response.

台风海燕（2013 年）仍然是影响构造活跃但低收入地区的极端天气事件的关键案例。它使你可以讨论脆弱性、气候变化的背景以及国际响应。

Location: Made landfall in the Philippines on 8 November 2013, with the eye passing over Tacloban City. Sustained winds of 315 km/h, Category 5 super typhoon.

位置：2013 年 11 月 8 日在菲律宾登陆，风眼经过塔克洛班市。持续风速 315 km/h，为 5 级超强台风。

Causes: Formed over unusually warm Pacific Ocean waters (above 30°C). Rapid intensification linked to high sea-surface temperatures. Storm surge reached 7.5 m in some areas.

原因：在异常温暖的太平洋海水（高于 30°C）上空形成。快速增强与高海表温度有关。某些区域风暴潮高达 7.5 m。

Effects: Over 6 300 fatalities, most caused by the storm surge. 4.1 million people displaced. Rice fields and coconut plantations destroyed – a severe blow to the local economy.

影响：超过 6 300 人死亡，多数由风暴潮造成。410 万人无家可归。稻田和椰子种植园被毁，对当地经济造成严重打击。

Responses: Early warning systems were in place but many residents underestimated the surge. The UN launched a major humanitarian appeal. ‘Build Back Better’ reconstruction guidelines aimed to reduce future risk.

响应：尽管有早期预警系统，许多居民低估了风暴潮的威力。联合国发起大规模人道主义呼吁。“重建得更好”的重建指南旨在降低未来风险。

Key fact: Philippines is hit by 20+ typhoons a year, making it a classic multiple-hazard zone. | 关键事实：菲律宾每年遭遇 20 多次台风，是典型的多灾种地区。

5. Urban Change: London Docklands Regeneration | 城市变迁：伦敦港区更新

WJEC frequently contrasts urban decline with regeneration. The London Docklands is a classic HIC (high-income country) case study of inner-city regeneration driven by government and private investment.

WJEC 经常将城市衰退与更新进行对比。伦敦港区是一个典型的高收入国家案例，展示了政府与私人投资推动的内城更新。

Location: East London along the River Thames. The Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC) was set up in 1981 to regenerate 22 km² of derelict dockland.

位置：伦敦东部，泰晤士河沿岸。1981 年成立了伦敦港区发展公司 (LDDC)，负责改造 22 km² 的废弃港区。

Causes of decline: Containerisation meant larger ships could no longer use the old docks. Widespread unemployment, dereliction, and population loss followed.

衰落原因：集装箱化意味着大型船舶无法再使用旧码头。随之而来的是大范围的失业、废弃和人口流失。

Regeneration actions: Canary Wharf financial centre was created, attracting global banks. 24 000 new homes were built. The Docklands Light Railway (DLR) improved connectivity.

更新举措：建设了金丝雀码头金融中心，吸引全球银行入驻。新建了 24 000 套住房。码头区轻轨 (DLR) 改善了交通连接。

Social success: created 120 000 jobs, new leisure facilities. | 社会成效：创造了 12 万就业岗位，兴建了新的休闲设施。
Criticisms: local residents often lacked skills for high-end jobs; housing became unaffordable for many original communities. | 批评：本地居民往往缺乏高端岗位所需的技能；对许多原住社区而言，住房变得负担不起。

6. Coastal Management: Holderness Coast | 海岸管理：霍尔德内斯海岸

The Holderness coastline in Yorkshire is one of Europe’s fastest-eroding coastlines and a staple WJEC case study on erosion processes and management strategies.

约克郡的霍尔德内斯海岸是欧洲侵蚀速度最快的海岸线之一，也是 WJEC 关于侵蚀过程和管理策略的常用案例。

Location: Stretches 61 km from Flamborough Head to Spurn Point. Made of soft boulder clay, easily eroded.

位置：从弗兰伯勒角延伸至斯珀恩角，全长 61 km。由松软的泥砾土构成，极易被侵蚀。

Reasons for erosion: Destructive waves from the North Sea dominate. Powerful longshore drift moves material southwards, creating Spurn Point spit. Cliff erosion rates average 2 m/year, reaching 10 m/year in places.

侵蚀原因：北海的破坏性海浪占主导。强劲的沿岸输沙把物质向南搬运，形成斯珀恩角沙嘴。悬崖侵蚀速率平均 2 m/年，局部可达 10 m/年。

Management: Hard engineering at Hornsea and Withernsea (sea walls, groynes) protects towns but starves down-coast areas of sediment. Mappleton was protected by rock groynes in 1991, but this accelerated erosion further south, e.g. at Great Cowden.

管理：霍恩西和威瑟恩西的硬工程（海堤、丁坝）保护了城镇，却使下游海岸沉积物减少。1991 年马普尔顿用岩石丁坝进行了保护，但加速了更南部（如大考登）的侵蚀。

This case study is ideal for discussing conflict and sustainability in coastal management. Remember to use the terms ‘terminal groyne syndrome’ and ‘managed realignment’.

该案例非常适合讨论海岸管理中的冲突与可持续性。请记住使用“终端丁坝效应”和“管理性退让”这类术语。

7. River Flooding: Boscastle Flash Flood | 河流洪水：博斯卡斯尔突发洪水

For river environments, the Boscastle flood (2004) in Cornwall demonstrates how physical and human factors combine to cause a devastating flash flood in a small drainage basin.

在河流环境方面，康沃尔郡的博斯卡斯尔洪水（2004 年）展示了自然与人为因素如何在小型流域中共同引发破坏性山洪。

Physical causes: A narrow V-shaped valley with steep slopes. Intense rainfall (200 mm in 24 hours) on already saturated ground. Confluence of three rivers at Boscastle, channeling water into a single point.

自然原因：狭窄的 V 形山谷，坡度陡峭。在已经饱和的地面上出现强降水（24 小时内降雨 200 mm）。三条河流在博斯卡斯尔交汇，将水流集中至一点。

Human causes: Bridges trapped debris, creating temporary dams that later burst. Urban surfaces and narrow streets funnelled floodwater.

人为原因：桥梁截留杂物，形成临时堰塞坝后溃决。城市硬质表面和狭窄的街道产生漏斗效应。

Effects: Around 100 people airlifted to safety, 58 properties flooded, cars swept out to sea. No deaths due to effective rescue. Infrastructure damage reached millions of pounds.

影响：约 100 人由直升机救出，58 处房屋被淹，汽车被冲入海中。因救援及时，无人员死亡。基础设施损坏达数百万英镑。

Responses: £4.6 million flood defence scheme completed in 2008, including wider bridges, raised car park walls, and a river monitoring system.

响应：2008 年完成了耗资 460 万英镑的防洪计划，包括拓宽桥梁、加高停车场围墙，并安装了河流监测系统。

8. Economic Development: Nike in Vietnam | 经济发展：耐克在越南

WJEC’s theme of globalisation often requires a case study of a transnational corporation (TNC). Nike’s operations in Vietnam offer a clear picture of the advantages and disadvantages of foreign direct investment (FDI) in an emerging economy.

WJEC 的全球化主题往往需要一个跨国公司的案例。耐克在越南的经营清晰地展示了在新兴经济体中外国直接投资的利弊。

Why Vietnam? Low labour costs, a young workforce, government tax incentives, and proximity to raw material suppliers. Vietnam has become the world’s largest producer of Nike footwear.

为什么选择越南？劳动力成本低，劳动力年轻，政府提供税收激励，且靠近原材料供应地。越南已成为全球最大的耐克鞋类生产国。

Positive effects: 400 000 direct jobs in manufacturing. Skills transfer and infrastructure improvements around industrial zones. Increased household incomes have reduced poverty rates.

积极影响：制造业直接提供 40 万个就业岗位。工业园区周边的技能转让和基础设施改善。家庭收入增加降低了贫困率。

Negative effects: Concerns about working hours, trade union limits, and environmental pollution from tanneries and factories. Profit repatriation means most financial gains leave the host country.

消极影响：对工作时间、工会限制以及制革厂和工厂造成的环境污染引发担忧。利润汇回意味着多数经济收益流出东道国。

Always back your points with figures: Nike accounted for approximately 15% of Vietnam’s total export value in 2022, illustrating the country’s dependency on TNCs.

记得用数据支撑你的论点：2022 年耐克约占越南出口总值的 15%，表明该国对跨国公司的依赖。

9. Comparing Case Studies for Top Marks | 对比案例以冲击高分

WJEC mark schemes reward candidates who can draw contrasts between case studies. For example, when asked about earthquake impacts, compare a HIC event (e.g. Japan 2011) with an LIC event (e.g. Nepal 2015). This shows evaluative skill.

WJEC 评分标准会奖励能够在案例之间进行对比的考生。例如，当被问及地震影响时，可以将一个高收入国家事件（如 2011 年日本地震）与一个低收入国家事件（如 2015 年尼泊尔地震）进行比较。这体现了评估能力。

Aspect \| 方面	HIC (Japan 2011) \| 高收入国家（日本 2011）	LIC (Nepal 2015) \| 低收入国家（尼泊尔 2015）
Deaths \| 死亡人数	~18 000 (mostly tsunami)	~9 000 (building collapse)
Preparedness \| 防备水平	Advanced early warning, strict codes	Limited monitoring, informal housing
Recovery \| 恢复	Rapid restoration of infrastructure	Aid-dependent, slow rebuild

Structuring your answer with a clear comparative table in your revision notes (though you cannot draw tables in the exam) helps you internalise contrasts and link them to development levels.

在复习笔记中使用清晰的对比表格（尽管在考试中不能画表格）有助于你将差异内化，并将其与发展水平相联系。

10. Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them | 常见错误及避免方法

Vague language: Saying ‘many people were affected’ is too weak. Instead use ‘over 4 million people were displaced’. | 语言模糊：“许多人受到影响”过于无力，应改用“超过 400 万人流离失所”。

Ignoring scale: Always specify whether an impact is local, regional, or national. | 忽略尺度：始终说明影响是地方性、区域性还是全国性的。

No link to theory: Case studies must be explicitly connected to geographic concepts, e.g. plate tectonics, the Rostow model, or cost-benefit analysis. | 未链接理论：案例必须与地理概念明确关联，如板块构造、罗斯托模型或成本效益分析。

Listing without explanation: Don’t just name responses; explain why they were chosen and evaluate their success. | 只罗列不解释：不要只列出应对措施；要解释为何选择这些措施，并评估其成效。

11. Your Practice Task Bank | 你的练习任务库

Download the following example questions and attempt them under timed conditions (7–9 minutes per 6-mark question). | 下载以下示例问题，并限时练习（每道 6 分题 7–9 分钟）。

For a named tropical storm, describe the primary and secondary effects. (6 marks) | 以一个热带风暴为例，描述原生和次生影响。（6 分）
Explain how geology and human actions influence coastal erosion, using the Holderness Coast. (8 marks) | 用霍尔德内斯海岸为例，解释地质条件和人类活动如何影响海岸侵蚀。（8 分）
Assess the success of a regeneration project in a HIC city. (9 marks + 3 SPAG) | 评估一个高收入国家城市更新项目的成效。（9 分 + 3 分语法拼写）
Compare the challenges of urbanisation in an LIC city with those in a HIC city. (8 marks) | 比较低收入国家城市与高收入国家城市各自的城市化挑战。（8 分）

Peer-mark your answers using the WJEC mark scheme, paying attention to AO1 (knowledge), AO2 (application), and AO3 (evaluation). | 使用 WJEC 评分方案互相批改，关注 AO1（知识）、AO2（应用）和 AO3（评估）。

12. Building Your Case Study Bank | 构建你的案例库

Also, annotate maps with case study locations, because many WJEC questions include a map resource and expect you to name and locate your own example. This dual reinforcement of visual and factual memory will give you confidence on exam day. | 同时，在地图上标注案例地点，因为很多 WJEC 题目都配有地图素材，并期望考生说出并定位自己的例子。这种视觉与事实记忆的双重强化，将让你在考试日充满信心。

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Year 10 WJEC Geography: Case Study Practical Exercises | Year 10 WJEC 地理：案例分析实战演练