📚 Edexcel Year 11 Chinese: Grammar Formulas & Patterns Quick Reference | 爱德思11年级中文：语法公式与句型速查手册
This quick-reference handbook covers the essential grammar formulas, sentence patterns and writing structures required for the Edexcel Year 11 Chinese (Mandarin) examination. It is designed as a revision aid for listening, reading, speaking and writing tasks. Each formula is explained in English with Chinese examples, helping you apply them accurately under exam conditions.
本速查手册汇总了爱德思11年级中文（普通话）考试所必需的核心语法公式、句型结构以及写作模板，适用于听力、阅读、口语与写作部分的复习备考。每一个公式均以英文解释，并配以中文示例，帮助你在考试中准确运用。
1. Basic Word-Order Formula | 基本语序公式
The default Chinese sentence follows the formula: Subject + (Time) + (Place) + Verb + Object. Adverbial phrases such as time and place always come before the main verb, never between the verb and its object. Mastering this order is the foundation of all other patterns.
中文句子的默认语序为：主语 + (时间) + (地点) + 动词 + 宾语。时间和地点等状语永远放在主要动词之前，绝对不能出现在动词和宾语之间。掌握这一语序是学习所有其他句式的基础。
- ‘I had breakfast at home this morning.’ → Wǒ jīntiān zǎoshang zài jiā chī le zǎofàn. (我今天早上在家吃了早饭。)
- ‘She studies Chinese at school every day.’ → Tā měitiān zài xuéxiào xué Zhōngwén. (她每天在学校学中文。)
2. The ‘bǎ’ Construction Formula | “把”字句公式
Used to emphasise what happened to an object, the pattern is: Subject + bǎ + Object + Verb + (Complement / Result). This formula is especially useful when a verb is followed by a result complement or a location, because Chinese avoids placing extra elements directly after a long object.
“把”字句用来强调一个宾语怎么样，其结构为：主语 + 把 + 宾语 + 动词 + (补语 / 结果)。当动词后面需要跟结果补语或地点时，中文倾向于使用“把”字句，避免在复杂宾语后面直接添加成分。
| Example (EN) | 中文句子 |
|---|---|
| Please put the book on the desk. | 请把书放在桌子上。 |
| I finished my homework. | 我把作业做完了。 |
3. The ‘bèi’ Construction Formula | “被”字句公式
The passive voice formula is: Receiver + bèi (+ Doer) + Verb + Complement. ‘Bèi’ is often required when the agent is known or emphasised, but can sometimes be omitted when the doer is obvious or unimportant. In formal writing, alternatives like ‘jiào’ or ‘ràng’ appear, but ‘bèi’ remains the safest choice for Edexcel.
被动句的公式为：受事 + 被 (+ 施事) + 动词 + 补语。当施事明确或需要强调时，“被”必不可少；而当施事不言自明或不重要时，“被”后面的施事可以省略。正式书面语中虽然也会出现“叫”“让”等替代词，但“被”始终是爱德思考试中最稳妥的选择。
- My phone was stolen. → Wǒ de shǒujī bèi (rén) tōu le. (我的手机被(人)偷了。)
- The window was broken by the wind. → Chuānghu bèi fēng chuī pò le. (窗户被风吹破了。)
4. Comparison Pattern Formula | 比较句公式
The core comparative formula is: A + bǐ + B + adjective (+ degree complement). Avoid using adverbs such as ‘hěn’ directly after ‘bǐ’; instead use specific degree complements like ‘yìdiǎnr’, ‘duō le’ or ‘de duō’. An equivalent negative form uses ‘méiyǒu’ rather than ‘bù bǐ’.
比较句的核心公式为：A + 比 + B + 形容词 (+ 程度补语)。注意绝对不要在“比”后面直接使用“很”一类的程度副词；应选用“一点儿”“多了”“得多”等具体的程度补语。对等的否定形式使用“没有”，而不是“不比”。
| Formula | Example |
|---|---|
| A + bǐ + B + adj. + de duō | Zhège bǐ nàge guì de duō. (这个比那个贵得多。) |
| A + méiyǒu + B + adj. | Zuótiān méiyǒu jīntiān lěng. (昨天没有今天冷。) |
5. The ‘shì…de’ Emphasis Formula | “是……的”强调结构
To highlight time, place, manner or purpose of a completed action, use: Subject + shì + [detail] + verb + de. This formula answers questions like ‘When?’ or ‘How?’ and is indispensable for speaking and writing about past events. Do not use ‘le’ inside this structure when focusing on circumstances.
当需要强调已经完成动作的时间、地点、方式或目的时，使用：主语 + 是 + [细节] + 动词 + 的。这个结构专门回答“什么时候？”“怎么？”“在哪儿？”等问题，是口语和写作中谈论过去事件不可或缺的表达方式。强调情况时，切勿在结构内部加“了”。
- When did you come back? → Nǐ shì shénme shíhou huílái de? (你是什么时候回来的？)
- I went by bus. → Wǒ shì zuò gōngjiāo chē qù de. (我是坐公交车去的。)
6. Directional Complement Formula | 复合趋向补语句式
Verbs of movement combine with directional complements following the pattern: Verb + qǐlái / xiàqù / chūlái / huílái / guòqù, etc. When an object is present, the formula splits into two possibilities: Verb + qǐ + Object + lái, or Verb + qǐlái + Object (if the object is abstract). This is vital for describing actions in narrative writing.
移动动词与趋向补语组合时，遵循：动词 + 起来 / 下去 / 出来 / 回来 / 过去等。当宾语出现时，公式分为两种情况：动词 + 趋1 + 宾语 + 趋2，如“拿起书来”；或者当宾语抽象时，可采用动词 + 趋向补语 + 宾语。叙述文写作中这类句式十分关键。
| Usage | Example |
|---|---|
| Begin an action | Tāmen chàng qǐ gē lái le. (他们唱起歌来了。) |
| Continue an action | Qǐng nǐ shuō xiàqù. (请你说下去。) |
7. Result Complement Formula | 结果补语公式
The result complement expresses the outcome of an action and follows the formula: Verb + Result Adjective / Verb. Common result complements include ‘wán’ (finished), ‘dǒng’ (understand), ‘duì’ (correct), ‘cuò’ (wrong) and ‘hǎo’ (well). In the negative, use ‘méi(yǒu)’ before the verb because completion is being denied.
结果补语表示动作的结局，遵循公式：动词 + 结果形容词 / 动词。常见的结果补语包括“完”“懂”“对”“错”“好”。在否定句中，必须用“没(有)”置于动词之前，因为否定的正是动作的完成。
- I’ve finished reading this book. → Wǒ kàn wán zhè běn shū le. (我看完这本书了。)
- I didn’t understand that sentence. → Wǒ méi tīng dǒng nà jù huà. (我没听懂那句话。)
8. Potential Complement Formula | 可能补语公式
To express ability or possibility of achieving an action, insert ‘de’ or ‘bu’ between the verb and its result/directional complement: Verb + de / bu + Complement. This is more natural than ‘néng’ for describing achieved outcomes. ‘Kàn de dǒng’ means ‘able to understand’, while ‘kàn bu dǒng’ means ‘unable to understand’.
要表达完成某个动作的可能性或能力，须在动词与结果/趋向补语之间插入“得”或“不”，构成：动词 + 得 / 不 + 补语。这种表达比使用“能”更自然，专门描述是否达成结果。“看得懂”表示能够理解，“看不懂”则表示无法理解。
| Positive | Negative |
|---|---|
| Tā nàme gāo, nǐ kàn de jiàn. (他那么高，你看得见。) | Yǔ tài dà le, kàn bu qīngchu. (雨太大了，看不清楚。) |
9. Paired Conjunctions Formula | 关联词搭配公式
Complex sentences often rely on paired conjunctions. The most tested pairs include: yīnwèi… suǒyǐ… (because… therefore…), suīrán… dànshì… (although… but…), rúguǒ… jiù… (if… then…), and búdàn… érqiě… (not only… but also…). Always remember that in Chinese the second conjunction can sometimes be dropped, but for accuracy in writing, keeping both is safer.
复句常常依靠成对关联词来衔接。考试中最常见的有：因为……所以……、虽然……但是……、如果……就……以及不但……而且……。记住，中文里后面一个关联词有时可以省略，但写作中为了确保准确，最好两个都保留。
- If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go. → Rúguǒ míngtiān xià yǔ, wǒmen jiù bú qù le. (如果明天下雨，我们就不去了。)
- Although he is busy, he still helps me. → Suīrán tā hěn máng, dànshì tā háishì bāng wǒ. (虽然他很忙，但是他还是帮我。)
10. Formal Register Formula for Writing | 书面语正式表达公式
In Edexcel writing tasks such as formal emails or articles, elevate your language by using formulas like: duì… lái shuō (as for…), guānyú… de wèntí (regarding the issue of…), and bùjǐn rúcǐ (not only that). The pattern chúle… yǐwài, hái… (apart from… also…) adds sophistication. Replace colloquial ‘yào’ with ‘xūyào’ or ‘bìxū’ for formality.
在爱德思考试的正式邮件或短文等写作题中，运用以下句式可以提升文采：对……来说、关于……的问题、不仅如此。句式除了……以外，还……也能增强表达的层次感。正式文体中把口语化的“要”替换为“需要”或“必须”。
| Formula | Example |
|---|---|
| duì… lái shuō + opinion | Duì wǒ lái shuō, jiànkāng zuì zhòngyào. (对我来说，健康最重要。) |
| chúle… yǐwài, hái… | Chúle xuéxiào yǐwài, tā hái zài túshūguǎn xuéxí. (除了学校以外，他还在图书馆学习。) |
11. Telephone and Letter Layout Formula | 电话书信格式公式
For the photo-description and role-play tasks, telephone openings follow: Wéi, nǐ hǎo, qǐngwèn… zài ma? (Hello, is … there?). Closing a letter or email to a friend uses ‘Zhù hǎo’ or ‘Bǎozhòng’, while formal letters require ‘Cǐzhì jìnglǐ’. Always place the date and greeting in the required position according to the task instruction.
在图片描述和角色扮演题中，电话开场白遵循：喂，你好，请问……在吗？。给朋友的书信或邮件结尾用“祝好”或“保重”，而正式信件则需使用“此致敬礼”。务必按照题目要求将日期与问候语放在正确位置。
- Informal letter ending: Zhù nǐ shēntǐ jiànkāng, tiāntiān kāixīn! (祝你身体健康，天天开心！)
- Formal letter opening: Zūnjìng de Wáng xiānshēng, nín hǎo! (尊敬的王先生，您好！)
12. Chart Description Formula for Writing | 图表描述句型公式
The Edexcel writing paper may require describing trends from data. Key formulas include: gēnjù túbiǎo (according to the chart), cóng… dào… (from… to…), zēngjiā le / jiǎnshǎo le + percentage, and zhàn… de bǐlì (accounts for… proportion). Use ‘yǔ… xiāngbǐ’ (compared with…) to contrast two data points.
爱德思写作试卷可能要求描述图表趋势。关键公式包括：根据图表、从……到……、增加了 / 减少了 + 百分比、占……的比例。对比两组数据时使用“与……相比”。
| Expression | Example |
|---|---|
| gēnjù túbiǎo, shùzì xiǎnshì… | 根据图表，数字显示使用手机的人数增加了20%。 |
| A yǔ B xiāngbǐ | 与去年相比，今年的成绩提高了很多。 |
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