📚 CIE IGCSE Biology Vocabulary Quick-Memory Guide | Year 11 CIE 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering IGCSE Biology is not just about understanding concepts – it demands confident use of precise scientific terminology. This guide groups high-frequency CIE terms, provides memorable explanations with memory tricks, and pairs each point bilingually so you can learn effectively and retain faster.
学好 IGCSE 生物不只是理解概念，更需要熟练运用准确的科学术语。这份指南将 CIE 高频词汇分组整理，提供好记的解释和记忆窍门，并用中英双语逐点对应，帮你学得更扎实、记得更牢。
1. Cell Structure & Function | 细胞的结构与功能
Nucleus – The control centre that contains DNA. Think “brain of the cell”.
细胞核 – 包含 DNA 的控制中心。可以记作“细胞的大脑”。
Mitochondrion (plural: mitochondria) – The site of aerobic respiration; powerhouse. Memory trick: “mighty-chondrion” brings energy.
线粒体 – 有氧呼吸的场所，细胞的“能量工厂”。记忆窍门：想象许多“能量电池”。
Ribosome – Tiny structure that makes proteins. Link: “ribosomes build body-bricks (proteins)”.
核糖体 – 合成蛋白质的微小结构。联想：核糖体就像组装蛋白质积木的“小工匠”。
Cell membrane – Selectively permeable barrier; controls entry/exit. Mnemonic: “boundary bouncer”.
细胞膜 – 具有选择透过性的屏障，控制物质进出。可以想象成俱乐部的“守门保安”。
Chloroplast – Contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis. Only in plant cells. Recall: “green solar panel”.
叶绿体 – 含有叶绿素，是光合作用的场所，仅存在于植物细胞。可以记作“绿色太阳能板”。
2. Movement of Substances | 物质的运动
Diffusion – Net movement of particles from high to low concentration, down a gradient. No energy needed. Tip: perfume spreading in a room.
扩散 – 粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净运动，顺浓度梯度，不需能量。窍门：像香水在房间中散开。
Osmosis – Diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane. Think “water follows salt”.
渗透 – 水分子通过半透膜的扩散。记法：水总是朝盐多的地方跑（高水势→低水势）。
Active transport – Movement against concentration gradient using energy (ATP). Protein carriers act like pumps. Analogy: escalator going up.
主动运输 – 逆浓度梯度的运动，需要能量（ATP），载体蛋白像“泵”。类比：向上走的自动扶梯。
Turgid – Swollen plant cell full of water, pressing against cell wall. Mnemonic: “turgid = tight and firm”.
硬挺（质壁复原） – 植物细胞吸水膨胀，细胞膜紧贴细胞壁。记忆：喝水喝到“饱胀”。
Plasmolysis – Shrinkage of cytoplasm when a plant cell loses water. Link: “plasma–lysis” – plasma pulling away.
质壁分离 – 植物细胞失水时，细胞质收缩，与细胞壁分离的现象。记“质壁分离=质量离开壁”。
3. Biological Molecules & Enzymes | 生物大分子与酶
Carbohydrates – Made of simple sugars like glucose; primary energy source. Mnemonic: “carbo-hydrate = carbon + water”.
碳水化合物 – 由葡萄糖等单糖构成，是主要能源。记“碳水”就是碳和水的组合。
Proteins – Chains of amino acids; used for growth and repair. Made at ribosomes. Memory: “protein = build-a-body”.
蛋白质 – 由氨基酸链构成，用于生长与修复，在核糖体合成。记“蛋白质=构建身体的砖块”。
Lipids (fats) – Made of fatty acids and glycerol; insulation and energy store. Think: “lipids = long-term energy locker”.
脂类（脂肪） – 由脂肪酸和甘油组成，提供隔热与长期储能。记“脂=能量保险柜”。
Enzyme – Biological catalyst that speeds up reactions; specific shape with active site. Lock-and-key model. Memory: “enzyme = ease the reaction”.
酶 – 生物催化剂，加速化学反应，具有特异形状的活性位点，遵循锁钥模型。记“酶=让反应更容易”。
Denaturation – Permanent change in enzyme’s active site shape due to high temperature or extreme pH. Mnemonic: “de-nature” – losing natural shape.
变性 – 高温或极端 pH 导致酶活性位点永久变形。记“变性=改变性质失去活性”。
4. Plant Nutrition & Transport | 植物的营养与运输
Photosynthesis – Process using light energy to produce glucose: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂. Remember: “photo (light) + synthesis (building)”.
光合作用 – 利用光能把二氧化碳和水制成葡萄糖（6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂）。记“光+合=光驱动的合成”。
Limiting factor – A variable (light, CO₂, temperature) that slows the rate of photosynthesis when in short supply. Trick: weakest link in a chain.
限制因子 – 供应不足时限制光合作用速率的变量（光、CO₂、温度）。类比：木桶最短的一块板。
Xylem – Transports water and minerals up from roots; dead, hollow tubes strengthened by lignin. Mnemonic: “xylem – x-tra high water way”.
木质部 – 从根部向上运输水和无机盐，由死细胞、中空管和木质素强化。记“木”=向上水渠。
Phloem – Transports sucrose and amino acids both up and down (translocation). Living cells with sieve plates. Memory: “phloem = food flows”.
韧皮部 – 上下双向运输蔗糖和氨基酸（输导作用），活细胞有筛板。记“韧皮=食物流动”。
Transpiration – Evaporation of water from leaf surfaces, creating a pull that draws water up the xylem. Likened to a straw suction.
蒸腾作用 – 叶面水分蒸发产生拉力，使水沿木质部向上移动。类似吸管吸水。
5. Human Nutrition & Digestion | 人体营养与消化
Ingestion – Taking food into the mouth. Simple: “in-gest-ion = enter stomach’s preparation”.
摄食 – 食物进入口中的过程。记“摄=吸入”。
Digestion – Breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble ones. Mechanical (chewing) and chemical (enzymes). Mnemonic: “digest = dismantle giant food”.
消化 – 将大分子不溶性物质分解为小分子可溶性物质。分为物理消化（咀嚼）和化学消化（酶）。记“消化=消去大块”。
Absorption – Movement of digested food molecules into the blood, mostly in the small intestine (villi). Memory: “absorption = soaking up”.
吸收 – 消化后的食物分子进入血液，主要在小肠（绒毛）。记“吸收=吸收入血”。
Egestion – Removal of undigested waste as faeces. Not excretion! Trick: “e-gest = exit waste”.
排遗 – 未被消化的残渣以粪便形式排出。注意不同于排泄！记“排遗=排出遗渣”。
Villi – Finger-like projections in small intestine; increase surface area for absorption. Single word: “vill-ain stealing nutrients”.
绒毛 – 小肠内壁的指状突起，极大增加吸收面积。记忆：无数小手快速抓取营养。
6. Gas Exchange & Respiration | 气体交换与呼吸
Alveoli – Tiny air sacs in lungs where gas exchange occurs. Walls are one cell thick. Think “grape-like clusters”.
肺泡 – 肺部进行气体交换的微小气囊，壁仅一个细胞厚。想象葡萄串。
Ventilation – Movement of air into and out of lungs (breathing). Not the same as respiration. Mnemonic: “ventilate = vent air”.
通气 – 空气进出肺的过程（呼吸运动），不等于细胞呼吸。记“通=通风”。
Aerobic respiration – Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + lots of ATP. In mitochondria. Equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O. Memory: “air-obic = with air”.
有氧呼吸 – 葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水 + 大量能量。在线粒体进行。方程：C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O。记“有氧=用氧”。
Anaerobic respiration – Without oxygen; in animals produces lactic acid; in yeast produces ethanol + CO₂. Less ATP. Recall: “an-aerobic = no air”.
无氧呼吸 – 缺氧时进行，动物产生乳酸，酵母产生乙醇+CO₂，释放少量能量。记“无氧=不用氧”。
Oxygen debt – Amount of oxygen needed to break down lactic acid after exercise. Mnemonic: “debt must be repaid by heavy breathing”.
氧债 – 运动后分解乳酸所需的额外氧气量。记“欠的氧气要用大口呼吸来还”。
7. Transport in Humans | 人体内的运输
Artery – Carries blood away from heart; thick muscular wall, high pressure. Memory: “Artery = Away”.
动脉 – 将血液带离心脏，管壁厚，压力高。记“动=离心方向”。
Vein – Returns blood to heart; thinner walls, valves prevent backflow. Link: “vein = back home”.
静脉 – 将血液带回心脏，管壁较薄，有静脉瓣防倒流。记“静=回心”。
Capillary – Microscopic vessel where exchange occurs; one cell thick wall. Mnemonic: “capillary-bridge between artery and vein”.
毛细血管 – 极细血管，物质交换场所，壁仅一层细胞。记“毛=细如毛发”。
Red blood cell – Contains haemoglobin to carry oxygen; biconcave disc, no nucleus. Trick: “red cab (haemoglobin taxi)”.
红细胞 – 含血红蛋白运输氧气，双凹圆盘状，无核。记“红细胞=氧气出租车”。
Platelets – Small cell fragments that help blood clotting. Mnemonic: “platelets = plug leaks”.
血小板 – 促进血液凝固的小细胞碎片。记“小板=补漏塞”。
Lymphocyte – White blood cell that produces antibodies. Memory: “lympho-fighter”.
淋巴细胞 – 产生抗体的白细胞。记“淋巴战士”。
8. Excretion & Homeostasis | 排泄与稳态
Excretion – Removal of metabolic waste products (CO₂, urea, excess water). Not egestion! Mnemonic: “excrete = exit metabolic waste”.
排泄 – 代谢废物的排出（CO₂、尿素、多余水分）。不是排遗！记“排泄=排出代谢废物”。
Urea – Formed in the liver from excess amino acids; excreted by kidneys. Link: “urea = unwanted nitrogen waste”.
尿素 – 肝脏将多余氨基酸转化而成，由肾脏排出。记“尿=含氮废物”。
Nephron – Functional unit of kidney; filters blood and forms urine. Memory: “nephron = kidney’s filtration factory”.
肾单位 – 肾脏的功能单位，过滤血液形成尿液。记“肾元=过滤单元”。
Homeostasis – Maintenance of a constant internal environment (temperature, pH, glucose). Trick: “homeo-stasis = steady home”.
稳态 – 维持内部环境恒定（温度、pH、血糖等）。记“稳=内部平衡”。
Insulin – Hormone that lowers blood glucose by converting it to glycogen. From pancreas. Mnemonic: “insulin stores sugar in”.
胰岛素 – 降血糖的激素，促进葡萄糖转化为糖原，由胰腺分泌。记“胰岛=降糖”。
9. Coordination & Response | 协调与反应
Central nervous system (CNS) – Brain and spinal cord; coordinates responses. Think “command centre”.
中枢神经系统 – 脑和脊髓，是协调中心。记“中枢=指挥中心”。
Reflex arc – Rapid involuntary response pathway: receptor → sensory neuron → relay neuron (CNS) → motor neuron → effector. Memory: “reflex = automatic, no brain delay”.
反射弧 – 快速非自主反应通路：感受器→感觉神经元→中间神经元（中枢）→运动神经元→效应器。记“反射=快速不经过大脑思考”。
Synapse – Gap between neurons; neurotransmitters carry signal across. Mnemonic: “synapse = signal skip point”.
突触 – 神经元之间的间隙，靠神经递质传递信号。记“突触=信号跳跃点”。
Endocrine gland – Produces hormones secreted directly into blood. E.g. adrenal gland. Memory: “endocrine = inside secretion”.
内分泌腺 – 分泌激素直接进入血液的腺体，如肾上腺。记“内分泌=内部分泌”。
Auxin – Plant hormone that controls phototropism; elongates cells on shady side. Trick: “auxin makes cells accelerate in shade”.
生长素 – 控制向光性的植物激素，促使背光侧细胞伸长。记“生长素=背光侧伸长”。
10. Reproduction | 生殖
Gamete – Sex cell (sperm/egg); haploid nucleus. Mnemonic: “gamete = half-set genetic parcel”.
配子 – 性细胞（精子/卵子），细胞核为单倍体。记“配子=一半染色体的遗传包裹”。
Fertilisation – Fusion of male and female gamete nuclei to form a zygote. Link: “fertilise = fuse and rise”.
受精 – 雄配子与雌配子核融合形成受精卵。记“受精=融合诞生”。
Pollination – Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma. Can be wind or insect. Memory: “pollen moves = pollination”.
传粉 – 花粉从花药转移到柱头，可借风或昆虫。记“花粉旅行=传粉”。
Germination – Development of a seed into a seedling when conditions are right. Key factors: water, oxygen, warmth. Trick: “germinate = grow from seed”.
萌发 – 种子在适宜条件下（水、氧、温暖）发育成幼苗。记“萌=种子苏醒”。
11. Inheritance & Variation | 遗传与变异
DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid; double helix carrying genetic code. Mnemonic: “DNA = Doctrine of Nucleic Archive”.
DNA（脱氧核糖核酸） – 双螺旋结构，携带遗传密码。记“DNA=生命手册”。
Gene – Section of DNA that codes for a specific protein. Memory: “gene = information unit”.
基因 – DNA 上编码特定蛋白质的片段。记“基=基本指令”。
Allele – Different form of a gene. E.g. blue vs brown eye colour. Link: “allele = alternate version”.
等位基因 – 同一基因的不同形式，如蓝眼与棕眼等位基因。记“等位=不同版本”。
Dominant – Allele that is always expressed if present. Mnemonic: “dominant defeats recessive”.
显性 – 只要存在就能表达的等位基因。记“显=强势显现”。
Recessive – Allele only expressed when two copies are present. Memory: “recessive = hides when dominant present”.
隐性 – 只有在纯合时才表达的等位基因。记“隐=隐藏”。
Mitosis – Cell division for growth, producing two identical diploid cells. Mnemonic: “mitosis = copy and split”.
有丝分裂 – 用于生长，产生两个相同的二倍体细胞。记“有丝=复制分裂”。
Meiosis – Cell division producing four genetically different haploid gametes. Trick: “meiosis = making eggs/sperm, mixing genes”.
减数分裂 – 产生四个遗传各异单倍体配子的分裂。记“减数=减半染色体”。
12. Ecology & Ecosystems | 生态学与生态系统
Population – All organisms of one species living in an area at the same time. Memory: “population = same-kind group”.
种群 – 同一时间生活在同一区域的所有同种生物。记“种=同种群体”。
Community – All populations of different species living together. Link: “community = multi-species neighbourhood”.
群落 – 不同物种种群共同生活在一起。记“群=多物种邻里”。
Ecosystem – Community interacting with its abiotic environment. Mnemonic: “eco-system = life + surroundings”.
生态系统 – 群落与其非生物环境相互作用。记“生态系统=生物+环境”。
Producer – Organism that makes its own food by photosynthesis. Base of food chain. Trick: “producer = plant power”.
生产者 – 通过光合作用制造食物的生物，是食物链基础。记“生产=植物产能”。
Decomposer – Breaks down dead material, recycles nutrients. E.g. bacteria, fungi. Memory: “decomposer = decay composer”.
分解者 – 分解死物，循环养分，如细菌和真菌。记“分解=降解者”。
Carbon cycle – Movement of carbon between atmosphere, organisms, and Earth. Key processes: photosynthesis, respiration, combustion. Mnemonic: “C cycles continuously”.
碳循环 – 碳在大气、生物和地球间的流转。关键过程：光合、呼吸、燃烧。记“碳不停地循环”。
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