Year 11 Eduqas Sociology: Key Terms Memory Guide | Year 11 Eduqas 社会学词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 11 Eduqas Sociology: Key Terms Memory Guide | Year 11 Eduqas 社会学词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the vocabulary of sociology is like learning a new language – it unlocks understanding of how society works. This revision guide curates over 30 essential terms from the Eduqas GCSE Sociology specification, each explained clearly in both English and Chinese. Use it to test yourself, strengthen knowledge, and build confidence before exams.

掌握社会学词汇就像学习一门新语言——它打开了理解社会运作的大门。这份复习指南精选了 Eduqas GCSE 社会学大纲中 30 多个关键术语，每个术语都配有清晰的中英双语解释。你可以用它自我测试，巩固知识，并在考试前建立信心。

1. Core Sociological Concepts | 社会学核心概念

Socialisation: The lifelong process of learning society’s norms, values and expected behaviours. Primary socialisation occurs within the family, while secondary socialisation takes place through schools, peer groups and media.

社会化 (Socialisation)：终身学习社会规范、价值观和预期行为的过程。初级社会化发生在家庭中，次级社会化则在学校、同辈群体和媒体中进行。

Norms: Socially acceptable ways of behaving in specific situations, such as queuing in a shop. Norms can be formal (written rules) or informal (unwritten expectations).

规范 (Norms)：在特定情境下被社会认可的行为方式，例如排队购物。规范可以是正式的（成文规则）或非正式的（不成文的期望）。

Values: Deeply held beliefs about what is good and desirable in a society. Values shape norms and influence ideas like respect for human life or belief in equality.

价值观 (Values)：社会中对什么是美好和值得追求的深层次信念。价值观塑造规范，并影响诸如尊重生命或相信平等等观念。

Culture: The whole way of life of a social group, including its norms, values, language, traditions and material objects. Culture is learned, not biologically inherited.

文化 (Culture)：某个社会群体的整个生活方式，包括其规范、价值观、语言、传统和物质产品。文化是习得的，而非生物遗传。

Social control: The methods used by society to ensure individuals conform to norms and values. Formal control includes laws and police; informal control involves peer pressure and family expectations.

社会控制 (Social control)：社会用来确保个体遵守规范与价值观的方法。正式控制包括法律和警察；非正式控制涉及同辈压力和家庭期望。

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2. Family and Household | 家庭与家户

Nuclear family: A household consisting of two heterosexual parents and their dependent children. Functionalists often see it as a universal and stable institution.

核心家庭 (Nuclear family)：由一对异性父母及其需要抚养的子女组成的家户。功能主义者常将其视为一种普遍且稳定的制度。

Extended family: A family structure that includes relatives beyond the nuclear unit, such as grandparents or cousins, often living together or nearby.

扩展家庭 (Extended family)：包括核心单元以外亲属（例如祖父母或堂亲）的家庭结构，通常同住或邻近居住。

Conjugal roles: The domestic roles of partners in a marriage or cohabitation. Segregated roles mean separate tasks for men and women; joint roles involve sharing housework and childcare.

夫妻角色 (Conjugal roles)：婚姻或同居关系中伴侣的家庭内角色。隔离型角色指男女分工明确；联合型角色则涉及共同分担家务和育儿。

Patriarchal family: A family form where men hold primary authority and control, with inheritance typically passed through the male line. Feminists argue this reproduces gender inequality.

父权制家庭 (Patriarchal family)：男性掌握主要权力和控制权的家庭形式，继承通常通过男性传递。女性主义者认为这再生产了性别不平等。

Symmetrical family: Willmott and Young’s term for a family where roles and responsibilities are shared more equally between partners, moving away from segregated conjugal roles.

对称家庭 (Symmetrical family)：威尔莫特与杨提出的术语，指夫妻之间角色和责任更为平等分担的家庭形式，逐渐脱离隔离型夫妻角色。

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3. Education | 教育

Hidden curriculum: Informal learning in schools beyond the official curriculum, such as obedience to authority, punctuality, and competition. It prepares students for the workforce.

隐性课程 (Hidden curriculum)：学校中超越官方课程的非正式学习，例如服从权威、守时和竞争。它为学生进入职场做准备。

Labelling: The process of attaching a definition to a student, e.g., ‘troublemaker’ or ‘gifted’. Teachers’ labels can influence students’ self-image and academic performance.

贴标签 (Labelling)：给学生贴上某种定义的过程，如’捣乱分子’或’有天赋’。教师的标签会影响学生的自我形象和学业表现。

Self-fulfilling prophecy: A prediction that causes itself to become true. If a teacher expects a student to fail, the student may internalise this and underperform.

自证预言 (Self-fulfilling prophecy)：一种促使其自身成真的预言。若教师预计某学生会失败，该生可能内化此观念而表现不佳。

Setting and streaming: Grouping students by ability. Setting separates by subject; streaming keeps pupils in the same ability group across subjects. Both can reinforce inequalities.

分层与分轨 (Setting and streaming)：按能力将学生分组。分层按科目分班；分轨则使学生在多个科目保持同一能力组。两者都可能加剧不平等。

Material deprivation: A lack of physical resources like income and housing that hinders educational achievement. It helps explain class-based attainment gaps.

物质匮乏 (Material deprivation)：缺乏收入、住房等物质资源，阻碍教育成就。这有助于解释基于阶级的成就差距。

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4. Crime and Deviance | 犯罪与越轨

Deviance: Behaviour that violates the norms of a social group. Deviance is relative – what is considered deviant varies between cultures and contexts.

越轨 (Deviance)：违反社会群体规范的行为。越轨是相对的——被视为越轨的行为因文化和情境而异。

Anomie: A state of normlessness where societal norms break down, often during

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