📚 Year 11 WJEC Business: Quick Reference Formula & Theorem Handbook | Year 11 WJEC 商务：公式定理速查手册
This handbook brings together all the essential formulas, ratios, and key definitions you need to master for the WJEC GCSE Business course. Use it as a quick reference while revising topics such as break-even analysis, profitability, liquidity, and investment appraisal. Each section pairs the English explanation with the Chinese interpretation so you can strengthen both your business knowledge and your bilingual terminology.
本手册汇总了WJEC GCSE商务课程中必须掌握的所有关键公式、比率和重要定义。在复习盈亏平衡分析、盈利能力、流动性与投资评估等主题时，你可以把它当作速查工具。每个部分都以英文解释与中文说明配对呈现，帮助你强化商务知识的同时巩固双语术语。
1. Revenue, Costs and Profit | 收入、成本与利润
Revenue is the income a business receives from selling its products or services. It is calculated before any costs are deducted.
收入是企业在销售产品或者服务时获得的进账，这个数值是在扣除任何成本之前计算出来的。
Total Revenue = Selling Price per Unit × Quantity Sold
Total costs are the sum of all fixed costs (which do not change with output, such as rent) and variable costs (which rise and fall with the level of production, such as raw materials).
总成本是所有固定成本（不随产量变化的支出，例如租金）与变动成本（随生产水平升降的费用，例如原材料）的总和。
Total Costs = Fixed Costs + Variable Costs
Profit is the amount left after all costs have been subtracted from revenue. If costs exceed revenue, the business makes a loss.
利润是收入扣除所有成本之后的剩余金额。如果成本超过收入，企业就出现了亏损。
Profit = Total Revenue – Total Costs
Understanding the difference between fixed and variable costs helps managers make pricing and production decisions. For example, a high proportion of fixed costs means the business needs to sell more units just to cover them.
理解固定成本与变动成本之间的区别，有助于管理者制定价格和生产决策。例如，固定成本占比很高时，企业需要卖出更多产品才能覆盖这些开支。
2. Break-Even Analysis | 盈亏平衡分析
Break-even analysis shows the number of units a business must sell to cover all its costs. At the break-even point, total revenue equals total costs, so the business makes neither a profit nor a loss.
盈亏平衡分析揭示企业必须卖出多少件产品才能覆盖所有成本。在盈亏平衡点上，总收入等于总成本，企业既不盈利也不亏损。
Break-Even Point (units) = Fixed Costs ÷ (Selling Price per Unit – Variable Cost per Unit)
The part in brackets (Selling Price per Unit – Variable Cost per Unit) is called the contribution per unit. It shows how much each sale contributes towards covering fixed costs and then generating profit.
括号中的部分（单位售价 – 单位变动成本）叫作单位贡献，它显示每卖出一件产品能够为覆盖固定成本进而创造利润贡献多少金额。
Contribution per Unit = Selling Price per Unit – Variable Cost per Unit
Margin of safety measures how far actual output can fall before the business reaches the break-even point. A larger margin reduces risk.
安全边际衡量实际产量距离盈亏平衡点还有多远，产量可以下降多少而不至于亏损。安全边际越大，风险越低。
Margin of Safety = Actual Output – Break-Even Output
Break-even charts and formulas are especially useful for new businesses or when launching a new product, as they help assess viability and set sales targets.
盈亏平衡图和公式对于新创企业或推出新产品时特别有用，它们能帮助评估可行性并设定销售目标。
3. Gross Profit and Net Profit Margins | 毛利率与净利润率
Profit margins express profit as a percentage of revenue, allowing comparisons between businesses of different sizes and across different time periods.
利润率将利润表示为收入的百分比，便于在不同规模的企业之间以及不同时期之间进行比较。
The gross profit margin shows the percentage of revenue left after paying for the direct costs of production (cost of sales). It indicates how efficiently a business turns raw materials into sales income.
毛利率显示支付了直接生产成本（销售成本）之后剩余收入的百分比，它反映企业将原材料转化为销售收入的效率。
Gross Profit Margin (%) = (Gross Profit ÷ Revenue) × 100
The net profit margin takes all expenses into account, including overheads, wages, and interest. It measures overall profitability after every cost has been deducted.
净利润率则把包括管理费用、工资和利息在内的所有开支都考虑进去，衡量扣除全部成本后的整体盈利能力。
Net Profit Margin (%) = (Net Profit ÷ Revenue) × 100
An improving net profit margin suggests the business is controlling its costs well or raising prices successfully. A falling margin may signal rising expenses or price competition.
净利润率上升意味着企业正在有效控制成本或者成功提价，而比率下降可能预示着费用上升或价格战的压力。
4. Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) | 已用资本回报率
ROCE measures how effectively a business uses its long-term capital to generate profit. It is a key indicator of financial performance for investors and lenders.
已用资本回报率衡量企业利用长期资本创造利润的效率，是投资者和贷款方关注的核心财务指标。
ROCE (%) = (Operating Profit ÷ Capital Employed) × 100
Capital employed is typically calculated as total assets minus current liabilities, or as equity plus non-current liabilities. The higher the ROCE, the more efficiently the business is turning its long-term funding into profit.
已用资本通常按总资产减去流动负债，或者按所有者权益加非流动负债来计算。ROCE 越高，说明企业将长期资金转化为利润的效率越高。
A firm with a ROCE of 15% is generating £15 of operating profit for every £100 of capital employed. Investors often compare ROCE with interest rates or returns from alternative investments.
若一家企业的 ROCE 为15%，意味着每投入100英镑的长期资本，就能创造15英镑的经营利润。投资者常用 ROCE 与利率或其他投资回报进行比较。
5. Liquidity Ratios (Current & Acid Test) | 流动性比率（流动比率与速动比率）
Liquidity ratios assess a business’s ability to meet its short-term obligations as they fall due. Insufficient liquidity can lead to cash flow crises even if the business is profitable.
流动性比率用于评估企业偿还短期到期债务的能力。即使企业是盈利的，流动性不足也可能引发现金流危机。
The current ratio compares current assets to current liabilities. A ratio above 1 means the business has more current assets than short-term debts.
流动比率将流动资产与流动负债进行比较。比率大于1意味着流动资产多于短期债务。
Current Ratio = Current Assets ÷ Current Liabilities
The acid test ratio (quick ratio) excludes stock from current assets, giving a stricter view of liquidity because stock may take time to sell.
速动比率（酸性测试比率）从流动资产中剔除存货，对流动性给出更严格的判断，因为存货变现可能需要较长时间。
Acid Test Ratio = (Current Assets – Inventory) ÷ Current Liabilities
A current ratio around 1.5 to 2 and an acid test ratio around 1 are often seen as healthy, but acceptable levels vary by industry. Very high ratios might suggest inefficient use of assets.
一般来说，流动比率在1.5到2之间、速动比率在1左右比较健康，但不同行业的合理水平各异。过高的比率也可能意味着资产利用效率低下。
6. Average Rate of Return (ARR) | 平均收益率
ARR is an investment appraisal technique that calculates the average annual profit as a percentage of the initial investment cost. It helps businesses compare different projects.
平均收益率是一种投资评估方法，它将平均年度利润表示为初始投资成本的百分比，帮助企业比较不同项目。
ARR (%) = (Average Annual Profit ÷ Initial Investment) × 100
Average annual profit is found by adding up the total net returns over the life of the project and dividing by the number of years. The formula allows straightforward comparison with the interest rate or a target return set by management.
平均年度利润是将项目生命期内的总净收益相加后除以年数得到的。这个公式可以方便地与利率或管理层设定的目标回报率进行比较。
A higher ARR is more attractive, but the method ignores the timing of cash flows. Therefore, it is often used alongside other methods such as payback period or net present value.
ARR 越高，项目越有吸引力，但该方法忽略了现金流的时间价值，因此通常会与回收期法、净现值法等其他工具配合使用。
7. Cash Flow and Net Cash Flow | 现金流与净现金流
Cash flow refers to the movement of money into and out of a business. Cash inflows include sales revenue, loans, and investment; cash outflows cover wages, rent, materials, and interest.
现金流指资金流入和流出企业的流动。现金流入包括销售收入、贷款和投资；现金流出则包括工资、租金、原材料和利息等。
The net cash flow for a period is the difference between total inflows and total outflows. A positive net cash flow means more cash came in than went out.
某一时期的净现金流是总流入与总流出之间的差额。正净现金流表示流入的资金大于流出的资金。
Net Cash Flow = Total Cash Inflows – Total Cash Outflows
The closing balance is calculated by adding the net cash flow to the opening balance. A cash flow forecast helps businesses anticipate liquidity problems and plan for borrowing or cost-cutting.
期末现金余额是将净现金流与期初余额相加得出的。现金流预测能帮助企业预见流动性问题，提前安排借款或削减开支。
Closing Balance = Opening Balance + Net Cash Flow
Even profitable firms can run out of cash if customers delay payments or too much stock is held. Regular cash flow monitoring is therefore essential for survival.
即使盈利的企业，如果客户延迟付款或者存货过多，也可能耗尽现金。因此，定期监控现金流对生存至关重要。
8. Labour Productivity and Employee Turnover | 劳动生产率与员工流动率
Labour productivity measures output per worker over a given period. It is a key indicator of efficiency and competitiveness.
劳动生产率衡量在一定时期内每个工人的产出水平，是评估效率和竞争力的关键指标。
Labour Productivity = Total Output (units) ÷ Number of Employees
Improving labour productivity can come through better training, technology, or motivation. When productivity rises, unit labour costs fall, which may boost profit margins.
通过加强培训、改进技术或提升员工激励，可以提高劳动生产率。生产率提高时，单位劳动成本下降，有助于提升利润率。
Employee turnover measures the percentage of staff who leave a business over a period. It is important to monitor because high turnover increases recruitment and training costs.
员工流动率衡量在一定时期内离开企业的员工所占的百分比。监控这一指标很重要，因为高流动率会增加招聘和培训成本。
Employee Turnover (%) = (Number of Leavers ÷ Average Number of Staff) × 100
A moderate level of turnover can bring fresh ideas, but very high rates often point to low morale or poor management. Businesses can use exit interviews to understand the reasons and reduce turnover.
适度的员工流动可以带来新思路，但流动率过高通常反映员工士气低落或管理不善。企业可以通过离职面谈了解原因，并努力降低流动率。
9. Market Share and Market Growth | 市场份额与市场增长
Market share shows a firm’s sales as a proportion of the total market sales. It is a valuable indicator of competitive strength and brand power.
市场份额显示一家企业的销售额在整个市场总销售额中所占的比例，是反映竞争实力和品牌影响力的重要指标。
Market Share (%) = (Business Sales ÷ Total Market Sales) × 100
Market growth measures the percentage change in the overall size of the market from one period to the next. It helps managers decide whether to invest in expansion or new products.
市场增长衡量两个时期之间整个市场规模变动的百分比，帮助管理者决定是否需要投资扩张或推出新产品。
Market Growth (%) = ((New Market Size – Old Market Size) ÷ Old Market Size) × 100
A business holding a 20% share of a growing market is in a stronger position than one with a 30% share of a shrinking market, because future opportunities are likely to expand.
一家企业在增长市场中持有20%的份额，比在一家萎缩市场中持有30%份额的企业更具优势，因为未来的机会在扩大。
10. Total Variable Costs and Unit Costs | 总变动成本与单位成本
Total variable costs change in direct proportion to output. Common examples are raw materials, packaging, and piece-rate labour.
总变动成本与产量成直接比例变化。常见的例子包括原材料、包装和计件工资。
Total Variable Costs = Variable Cost per Unit × Quantity Produced
Unit cost (or average cost) is the total cost per item produced. It falls when fixed costs are spread over a larger number of units, a concept known as economies of scale.
单位成本（或称平均成本）是指每生产一件产品所分摊的总成本。当固定成本被分摊到更多产品上时，单位成本下降，这就是规模经济的原理。
Unit Cost = Total Costs ÷ Number of Units Produced
Monitoring unit cost helps with pricing decisions. If the unit cost is £5 and the selling price is £6, the contribution per unit is £1. Lowering unit cost by improving efficiency can raise profit without increasing price.
监控单位成本有助于定价决策。若单位成本为5英镑，售价为6英镑，则每件贡献1英镑。通过提升效率降低单位成本，可以在不涨价的情况下增加利润。
11. Formulas for Depreciation (Straight-Line) | 折旧公式（直线法）
Depreciation spreads the cost of a non-current asset over its useful life. The straight-line method is the simplest and most commonly tested approach in WJEC GCSE.
折旧将非流动资产的成本分摊到其使用寿命中。直线法是最简单的一种，也是WJEC GCSE考试中最常见的方法。
Annual Depreciation = (Original Cost – Residual Value) ÷ Useful Life (years)
This method assumes the asset loses the same amount of value each year. It helps businesses set aside funds for replacement and accurately match expenses with the revenue the asset generates.
该方法假定资产每年损失的价值相等。这种做法可以帮助企业预留更新资金，并将费用与资产所产生的收入准确匹配。
12. Interest and Simple Interest Calculation | 利息与单利计算
When businesses borrow money or save surplus cash, interest is either an expense or an income. Simple interest is calculated on the original principal only.
当企业借款或储存闲置现金时，利息要么是费用，要么是收入。单利仅按原始本金计算。
Simple Interest = Principal × Interest Rate × Time (years)
For example, borrowing £10,000 at 5% simple interest for 3 years results in total interest of £1,500. This quick calculation is often needed when evaluating the cost of a loan or comparing savings options.
例如，以5%单利借款10,000英镑，期限3年，利息总额为1,500英镑。在评估贷款成本或比较储蓄方案时，经常需要这种快速计算。
Published by TutorHao | Business Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导Cancel reply