📚 Year 12 WJEC Biology: A Rapid Guide to Memorising Terminology | Year 12 WJEC 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering biology terminology in Year 12 can feel like learning a new language, but the right memory strategies transform it into a powerful toolkit. This guide groups the most important WJEC terms by topic and supplies ready-to-use mnemonics, word roots, and visual hooks. Pair these with active recall and spaced repetition to lock each term into long-term memory.
掌握 Year 12 生物学术语就像学习一门新语言，但正确的记忆策略能将其转化为强大的工具箱。本指南按主题汇集 WJEC 最重要的术语，并提供现成的助记符、词根和视觉联想。配合主动回忆与间隔重复，把每一个术语牢牢锁入长期记忆。
1. Cell Structure & Organelles | 细胞结构与细胞器
Cells are the building blocks of life; knowing their parts by heart is the first step. Use simple analogies to picture each organelle’s job.
细胞是生命的基本单位，熟记其组成部分是第一步。用简单的比喻来想象每个细胞器的工作。
Nucleus – contains DNA and controls the cell. Think ‘nucleus = nuclear command centre’.
细胞核 – 含有 DNA，控制细胞活动。联想“核”心指挥部。
Cytoplasm – jelly-like substance where reactions occur. ‘Cyto-plasm’ sounds like ‘city platform’ where everything happens.
细胞质 – 发生化学反应的胶状物质。“细胞质”像城市的平台，一切发生在这里。
Cell membrane – partially permeable barrier. Picture a security gate that lets some molecules in and out.
细胞膜 – 选择性通透的屏障。想象成让某些分子进出的安检门。
Mitochondrion – site of aerobic respiration, producing ATP. Remember ‘mighty mito’ power pack.
线粒体 – 有氧呼吸的场所，产生 ATP。记忆：“强力米托”动力车间。
Ribosome – carries out protein synthesis. Visualise ‘ribosome’ as a ‘ribbon’ maker assembling proteins.
核糖体 – 进行蛋白质合成。想象“核糖体”像制造绸带的工厂。
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) – studded with ribosomes, transports proteins. ‘Rough’ like sandpaper because of ribosomes.
粗面内质网 – 附有核糖体，运输蛋白质。因核糖体而“粗糙”，像砂纸。
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) – no ribosomes, makes lipids. ‘Smooth’ like a lipid oil slick.
滑面内质网 – 无核糖体，合成脂质。像油层一样“光滑”。
Golgi apparatus – modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into vesicles. Think ‘Golgi = post office’ of the cell.
高尔基体 – 修饰、分拣并包装蛋白质为囊泡。联想“高尔基 = 细胞邮局”。
Lysosome – contains digestive enzymes to break down waste. ‘Lyso’ sounds like ‘lysol’ cleaner.
溶酶体 – 含消化酶，分解废物。“溶”即溶解清理。
2. Biological Molecules | 生物分子
Life’s chemistry relies on carbon-based molecules. Unlock their names by breaking them into roots and building-blocks.
生命化学依赖碳基分子。通过拆分词根和构筑单元来解锁它们的名称。
Monomer – a single repeating unit. ‘Mono = one’; think ‘monorail’ has one rail.
单体 – 单个重复单元。“单”即一，像单轨道。
Polymer – many monomers joined together. ‘Poly = many’, like a ‘polyglot’ speaks many languages.
聚合物 – 许多单体连接而成。“聚”即多，如聚合。
Monosaccharide – single sugar unit, e.g. glucose, fructose, galactose. ‘Saccharide’ sounds like ‘sugar’. All three provide energy; glucose is the primary fuel.
单糖 – 单个糖单位，如葡萄糖、果糖、半乳糖。“糖”的英文词根 saccharide。三者都供能，葡萄糖是主要燃料。
Disaccharide – two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond. Maltose = glucose + glucose (‘malt’ sugar); sucrose = glucose + fructose (table sugar); lactose = glucose + galactose (milk sugar). Remember ‘lactose’ for ‘lactation milk’.
二糖 – 由两个单糖通过糖苷键连接。麦芽糖=葡萄糖+葡萄糖；蔗糖=葡萄糖+果糖；乳糖=葡萄糖+半乳糖。记住“乳”糖来自乳汁。
Polysaccharide – long chain of glucose units. Starch (plant storage, ‘starchy potatoes’), glycogen (animal storage, ‘glycogen gone quickly’ for rapid energy), cellulose (plant cell wall, ‘cellulose = cells’).
多糖 – 长链葡萄糖。淀粉（植物储存，“淀粉土豆”）；糖原（动物储存，“糖原迅速耗”）；纤维素（植物细胞壁，“纤维=细胞”）。
Lipid – fats and oils, made of glycerol and fatty acids. Phospholipids have a hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty acid tails; ‘philic = friendly, phobic = fear’.
脂质 – 脂肪和油，由甘油和脂肪酸组成。磷脂有亲水头、疏水尾；“亲”水友好，“疏”水害怕。
Protein structure – primary (sequence of amino acids, like a string of beads), secondary (alpha helix or beta pleated sheet), tertiary (3D folding), quaternary (more than one polypeptide). ‘Quaternary = quartet of chains’.
蛋白质结构 – 一级（氨基酸序列，像珠子串）；二级（α螺旋或β折叠）；三级（三维折叠）；四级（多条多肽链）。“四”级结构如四重奏。
3. Enzymes | 酶
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions without being used up. Focus on the lock-and-key image to master their vocabulary.
酶是生物催化剂，加快反应而不被消耗。用锁钥图像来掌握相关词汇。
Enzyme – a globular protein catalyst. Think ‘enzyme speeds you know’.
酶 – 球状蛋白质催化剂。联想“酶让你加速”。
Active site – the specific region where substrate binds. ‘Active site’ is the ‘keyhole’.
活性位点 – 底物结合的特殊区域。“活性位点”即“锁孔”。
Substrate – the molecule that fits into the active site. ‘Sub’ means under, like a substrate under the enzyme action.
底物 – 能进入活性位点的分子。“底”表承受作用。
Enzyme-substrate complex – temporary structure formed when substrate binds. Think ‘handshake’ before reaction.
酶-底物复合物 – 底物结合时形成的暂时结构。想象反应前的“握手”。
Lock-and-key model – active site has a rigid shape that only fits specific substrate. Like a real lock and key.
锁钥模型 – 活性位点形状刚性，只适应特定底物。就像锁和钥匙。
Induced fit model – active site changes shape slightly to mould around substrate. Like a glove adapting to a hand.
诱导契合模型 – 活性位点微调形状以包裹底物。像手套适应手型。
Denaturation – irreversible change in active site shape due to high temperature or extreme pH. ‘De-nature’ = losing natural shape.
变性 – 高温或极端 pH 下活性位点形状不可逆改变。“变性”即失去自然构象。
Competitive inhibitor – mimics substrate and blocks active site temporarily. Like a similar key jamming the lock.
竞争性抑制剂 – 模拟底物，暂时阻塞活性位点。像一把相似的钥匙卡住锁孔。
Non-competitive inhibitor – binds elsewhere, altering shape of active site. No competition for the lock; it bends the lock.
非竞争性抑制剂 – 结合于别处，改变活性位点形状。不争锁孔，却把锁弄变形。
4. Cell Membranes & Transport | 细胞膜与运输
Membranes control what enters and leaves the cell. Use the fluid mosaic model and direction of movement to recall transport processes.
膜控制物质进出细胞。借助流体镶嵌模型和运动方向来记忆运输方式。
Fluid mosaic model – describes membrane as a phospholipid bilayer with proteins floating like mosaic tiles. ‘Fluid’ because components can move laterally.
流体镶嵌模型 – 将膜描述为磷脂双分子层，蛋白质像马赛克砖漂浮其中。称“流体”因成分能侧向移动。
Phospholipid bilayer – hydrophilic heads outward, hydrophobic tails inward. ‘Philic heads love water, phobic tails hide’.
磷脂双分子层 – 亲水头朝外，疏水尾朝内。亲水头爱水，疏水尾躲避。
Diffusion – net movement of particles from high to low concentration, passive. ‘Diffuse’ like a drop of ink spreading in water.
扩散 – 粒子从高浓度向低浓度的净运动，被动。像墨水滴在水中扩散。
Facilitated diffusion – uses channel or carrier proteins, still passive. ‘Facilitated’ means ‘helped’ across membrane.
协助扩散 – 借助通道或载体蛋白，仍为被动。“协助”即被帮助通过膜。
Osmosis – diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane. ‘O’ for H2O, only water moves.
渗透 – 水通过半透膜的扩散。“O”代表 H2O，仅水移动。
Active transport – movement against concentration gradient using ATP and carrier proteins. Like swimming upstream, needs energy.
主动运输 – 逆浓度梯度，利用 ATP 和载体蛋白。像逆流游泳，耗能。
Endocytosis – bulk uptake by forming vesicles from membrane. ‘Endo = entering’. Exocytosis: ‘Exo = exiting’.
胞吞 – 膜内陷形成囊泡大量摄入。“吞”入。胞吐：“吐”出。
5. Cell Cycle & Mitosis | 细胞周期与有丝分裂
Cell division follows a precise sequence. Use the PMAT mnemonic and stage clues to never confuse prophase with telophase.
细胞分裂遵循精确的顺序。使用 PMAT 口诀和阶段特征，绝不会混淆前期与末期。
Interphase – cell grows, DNA replicates (S phase), prepares for division. ‘Inter’ means between
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