📚 AQA Year 12 Spanish: Essential Rules & Structures Quick Reference | AQA 高一西班牙语：核心语法公式速查手册
This handbook distils the most important grammatical ‘formulas’ required for the AQA Year 12 Spanish course. Treat each pattern as a rule you can plug vocabulary into, helping you speak and write with confidence. The structures are grouped by topic, from articles and nouns to verb tenses and the subjunctive.
本手册提炼了 AQA 高一西班牙语课程最重要的语法“公式”。你可以把每个句型看作可以套用词汇的规则，帮助你说得准确、写得自信。这些结构按主题分组，从冠词、名词到动词时态和虚拟语气一应俱全。
1. Definite and Indefinite Articles | 定冠词与不定冠词
In Spanish, every noun is either masculine or feminine. Articles must agree in gender and number with the noun. The definite articles (the) are el (masculine singular), la (feminine singular), los (masculine plural) and las (feminine plural). Indefinite articles (a/an/some) follow the pattern un, una, unos, unas. Use the definite article when talking about something specific or known; use the indefinite when introducing something new or general.
西班牙语中每个名词都有阴阳性。冠词必须在性和数上与名词一致。定冠词“the”是 el（阳性单数）、la（阴性单数）、los（阳性复数）和 las（阴性复数）。不定冠词“a/an/some”的规律为 un、una、unos、unas。谈论特定或已知事物时用定冠词，引入新信息或泛指时用不定冠词。
| Gender/Number | Definite | Indefinite |
| Masculine singular | el libro | un libro |
| Feminine singular | la mesa | una mesa |
| Masculine plural | los libros | unos libros |
| Feminine plural | las mesas | unas mesas |
2. Noun Gender and Number | 名词的性与数
Most nouns ending in -o are masculine, and those ending in -a are feminine, but exceptions exist (e.g., el día, la mano). Nouns ending in -ción, -sión, -dad, and -tad are usually feminine. To form the plural, add -s if the noun ends in a vowel, and -es if it ends in a consonant. Nouns ending in -z change to -ces (e.g., lápiz → lápices).
大多数以 -o 结尾的名词是阳性，以 -a 结尾的是阴性，但有例外（如 el día、la mano）。以 -ción、-sión、-dad、-tad 结尾的名词通常为阴性。构成复数时，元音结尾加 -s，辅音结尾加 -es。以 -z 结尾的名词变 -ces（如 lápiz → lápices）。
- el problema (masculine) – despite the -a
- la foto (feminine) – short for la fotografía
- el problema（阳性）—— 尽管以 -a 结尾
- la foto（阴性）—— 是 la fotografía 的缩写
3. Adjective Agreement | 形容词的性数一致
Adjectives must agree in gender and number with the noun they describe. Most adjectives ending in -o have four forms: -o (masculine singular), -a (feminine singular), -os (masculine plural), -as (feminine plural). Adjectives ending in -e or a consonant usually have only two forms: singular and plural, adding -s or -es. Some nationality adjectives and those ending in -or add -a in the feminine.
形容词必须与所修饰名词的性和数保持一致。大多数以 -o 结尾的形容词有四种形式：-o（阳性单数）、-a（阴性单数）、-os（阳性复数）、-as（阴性复数）。以 -e 或辅音结尾的形容词通常只有单复数两种形式，加 -s 或 -es。部分国籍形容词和以 -or 结尾的形容词在阴性时加 -a。
un chico alto → unos chicos altos (tall boy/tall boys)
una chica inteligente → unas chicas inteligentes (intelligent girl/intelligent girls)
un hombre trabajador → una mujer trabajadora (hard-working man/woman)
4. Subject Pronouns | 主语代词
Spanish subject pronouns often drop the pronoun because the verb ending tells you who is acting. However, they are used for emphasis or clarity. The full set is: yo (I), tú (you, informal), él/ella/usted (he/she/you formal), nosotros/nosotras (we), vosotros/vosotras (you plural informal – mainly Spain), ellos/ellas/ustedes (they/you plural). In Latin America, ustedes replaces vosotros for all plural ‘you’.
西班牙语主语代词经常省略，因为动词词尾已表明人称。但为了强调或明确时仍需使用。全套代词为：yo（我）、tú（你，非正式）、él/ella/usted（他/她/您）、nosotros/nosotras（我们）、vosotros/vosotras（你们，非正式，主要用于西班牙）、ellos/ellas/ustedes（他们/她们/诸位）。在拉丁美洲，ustedes 取代 vosotros 表示“你们”。
Note: Usted and ustedes take third-person verb forms even though they mean ‘you’.
注意：Usted 和 ustedes 虽表示“您/你们”，但动词使用第三人称形式。
5. Present Tense Regular Verbs | 现在时规则动词变位
Spanish verbs are classified into three conjugation groups: -ar, -er, and -ir. To form the present tense, remove the infinitive ending and add the appropriate person endings. This tense expresses what is happening now, habitual actions, and near future (with ir a + infinitive).
西班牙语动词分为三类变位：-ar、-er、-ir。构成现在时，去掉不定式词尾，加上相应的人称词尾。该时态表达正在发生的事情、习惯性动作以及与 ir a + 原形动词连用的最近将来。
| Person | hablar (to speak) | comer (to eat) | vivir (to live) |
| yo | hablo | como | vivo |
| tú | hablas | comes | vives |
| él/ella/usted | habla | come | vive |
| nosotros/as | hablamos | comemos | vivimos |
| vosotros/as | habláis | coméis | vivís |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | hablan | comen | viven |
6. Present Tense Irregular Verbs | 现在时不规则动词
Key irregular verbs must be memorised. Common patterns include stem-changing verbs (e.g., pensar → pienso, poder → puedo), first-person irregulars (tener → tengo, venir → vengo), and completely irregular verbs like ser, estar, ir.
关键的不规则动词需要熟记。常见模式包括词干元音变化动词（如 pensar → pienso、poder → puedo）、第一人称不规则（tener → tengo、venir → vengo），以及完全不规则动词如 ser、estar、ir。
Stem-changing verbs: e → ie (querer → quiero), o → ue (dormir → duermo), e → i (pedir → pido). Reflexive verbs use the same conjugation but add a reflexive pronoun: levantarse → me levanto, te levantas, etc.
词干变化动词：e → ie（querer → quiero）、o → ue（dormir → duermo）、e → i（pedir → pido）。自复动词使用相同变位，但需加自复代词：levantarse → me levanto, te levantas 等。
7. Preterite Tense | 简单过去时
The preterite is used for completed actions in the past, often with a definite beginning or end. Regular -ar verbs take endings -é, -aste, -ó, -amos, -asteis, -aron. Regular -er/-ir verbs share -í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -isteis, -ieron. Many common verbs are irregular in the preterite, such as tener (tuve), hacer (hice), ir/ser (fui), decir (dije).
简单过去时用于过去已完成的动作，常有明确的开始或结束。规则 -ar 动词的词尾为 -é、-aste、-ó、-amos、-asteis、-aron。规则 -er/-ir 动词共用词尾 -í、-iste、-ió、-imos、-isteis、-ieron。许多常用动词的简单过去时是不规则的，如 tener (tuve)、hacer (hice)、ir/ser (fui)、decir (dije)。
Watch for stem changes: dormir → durmió (third person). Also note that verbs ending in -car, -gar, -zar have spelling changes in the first person singular: buscar → busqué, pagar → pagué, empezar → empecé.
注意词干变化：dormir → durmió（第三人称）。此外，以 -car、-gar、-zar 结尾的动词在第一人称单数时有拼写变化：buscar → busqué、pagar → pagué、empezar → empecé。
8. Imperfect Tense | 过去未完成时
The imperfect describes ongoing or habitual past actions, descriptions, time, age, and background settings. It is formed by removing the infinitive ending and adding -aba endings for -ar verbs and -ía endings for -er/-ir verbs. Only three verbs are irregular in the imperfect: ser (era), ir (iba), ver (veía).
过去未完成时描述过去持续或习惯性的动作、描写、时间、年龄和背景情景。构成方法是去掉不定式词尾，-ar 动词加 -aba 词尾，-er/-ir 动词加 -ía 词尾。该时态只有三个不规则动词：ser (era)、ir (iba)、ver (veía)。
hablar → hablaba, hablabas, hablaba, hablábamos, hablabais, hablaban
comer → comía, comías, comía, comíamos, comíais, comían
A common trigger for the imperfect is cuando era niño/a (when I was a child) or expressions like todos los días (every day). Combine the imperfect with the preterite to show an ongoing action interrupted by a sudden event.
过去未完成时的常见提示语有 cuando era niño/a（当我还是个孩子）或 todos los días（每天）。将过去未完成时与简单过去时结合使用，可表示一个持续动作被突发事件打断。
9. Future and Conditional Tenses | 将来时与条件式
The future tense is formed by adding endings to the full infinitive: -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án. Irregular future stems include tener → tendr-, poner → pondr-, decir → dir-, hacer → har-. The conditional uses the same stems but has endings -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían. The conditional expresses what would happen or polite requests.
将来时通过在整个原形动词后加词尾构成：-é、-ás、-á、-emos、-éis、-án。不规则将来时词干包括 tener → tendr-、poner → pondr-、decir → dir-、hacer → har-。条件式使用相同的不规则词干，但词尾为 -ía、-ías、-ía、-íamos、-íais、-ían。条件式表达可能发生的事或委婉请求。
hablaré, hablarás, hablará, hablaremos, hablaréis, hablarán
hablaría, hablarías, hablaría, hablaríamos, hablaríais, hablarían
There is also the informal future: ir a + infinitive (voy a estudiar). This is very common in spoken Spanish.
此外还有非正式将来时：ir a + 原形动词（voy a estudiar）。这在口语西班牙语中非常普遍。
10. Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns | 直接与间接宾语代词
Direct object pronouns replace the noun receiving the action: me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las. Indirect object pronouns replace the person to whom something is given or said: me, te, le, nos, os, les. When both appear together, the indirect goes first, and le/les changes to se before lo/la/los/las. These pronouns are placed before a conjugated verb or attached to an infinitive or gerund.
直接宾语代词替代动作的承受者：me、te、lo/la、nos、os、los/las。间接宾语代词替代动作的接收者：me、te、le、nos、os、les。当两者同时出现时，间接宾语在前，且 le/les 在 lo/la/los/las 前变为 se。代词置于变位动词之前，或附着于原形动词、副动词之后。
Example: Doy el libro a María. → Le doy el libro. → Se lo doy. (I give it to her.) The pronoun order is fixed; if you attach them, add an accent mark to preserve stress: dármelo.
例句：Doy el libro a María. → Le doy el libro. → Se lo doy.（我把书给她。）代词顺序固定；若附着于词尾，需加重音符号保持原重音：dármelo。
11. Ser vs Estar | 系动词 Ser 与 Estar 的区别
Both mean ‘to be’, but ser is used for permanent or defining characteristics, origin, time, and possession. Estar is used for temporary states, locations, conditions, and the present progressive. The acronyms DOCTOR (Description, Occupation, Characteristic, Time, Origin, Relationship) and PLACE (Position, Location, Action, Condition, Emotion) help recall the uses.
两者都意为“是”，但 ser 用于永久或本质特征、来源、时间和所属。 estar 用于暂时状态、地点、状况和现在进行时。助记口诀 DOCTOR（描述、职业、特性、时间、来源、关系）和 PLACE（位置、地点、动作、状况、情感）可帮助记忆用法。
- Soy de España. (origin – ser) / Estoy en casa. (location – estar)
- Ella es alta. (characteristic – ser) / Ella está cansada. (condition – estar)
- Es la una. (time – ser) / Estamos estudiando. (action in progress – estar)
- Soy de España.（我来自西班牙，ser）/ Estoy en casa.（我在家，estar）
- Ella es alta.（她个子高，ser）/ Ella está cansada.（她累了，estar）
- Es la una.（一点钟，ser）/ Estamos estudiando.（我们在学习，estar）
12. The Subjunctive Mood (Present) | 虚拟式（现在时）
The present subjunctive is used in subordinate clauses to express doubt, desire, emotion, and uncertainty. It is formed by taking the first person singular of the present indicative, dropping the -o, and adding the opposite vowel: -ar verbs take -e endings, and -er/-ir verbs take -a endings. Many common verbs have irregular subjunctive stems, such as tener → tenga, ir → vaya, ser → sea, saber → sepa.
现在时虚拟式用于从句中表达怀疑、愿望、情绪和不确定性。构成方法：取直陈式现在时第一人称单数，去掉 -o，加上相反元音词尾：-ar 动词用 -e 类词尾，-er/-ir 动词用 -a 类词尾。许多常用动词有虚拟式不规则词干，如 tener → tenga、ir → vaya、ser → sea、saber → sepa。
hablar → hable, hables, hable, hablemos, habléis, hablen
comer → coma, comas, coma, comamos, comáis, coman
Common triggers: espero que, quiero que, es importante que, dudo que. Remember that the subjunctive is not used after creer que, pensar que in affirmative statements, but it appears in negative: no creo que + subjunctive.
常见触发词：espero que、quiero que、es importante que、dudo que。注意，在 creer que、pensar que 的肯定句中不用虚拟式，但在否定句中出现：no creo que + 虚拟式。
Published by TutorHao | Spanish Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导Cancel reply