📚 OCR Year 12 Biology: Vocabulary & Terminology Memorisation Guide | OCR 生物 Year 12 词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the vocabulary of Year 12 OCR Biology is not just about passing exams – it is about building the linguistic foundation for understanding complex processes and communicating scientific ideas with precision. This guide offers proven memory techniques to help you internalise key terms effectively.
掌握 OCR 生物 Year 12 的词汇不仅是为了通过考试，更是为了建立理解复杂过程、准确交流科学思想的语言基础。本指南提供经过验证的记忆技巧，帮助你高效内化关键术语。
1. Why Memorising Terminology Matters | 为什么记忆术语如此重要
In Biology, each term is a precise label for a specific structure, process, or concept. Misunderstanding a keyword can lead to lost marks, even if you understand the underlying science. OCR exam papers frequently test definitions directly, and a robust vocabulary lets you read questions fluently while constructing examiner-friendly answers.
在生物学中，每个术语都是对特定结构、过程或概念的精确标记。即使你理解底层科学，误解一个关键词也可能导致失分。OCR 试卷经常直接测试定义，而扎实的词汇量能让你流畅阅读题目，并使用阅卷人喜欢的语言组织答案。
2. Using Root Words, Prefixes and Suffixes | 利用词根、前缀与后缀
Many biology terms are built from Greek or Latin roots. Learning these building blocks turns unfamiliar words into understandable ones. The table below gives essential roots, their meanings, and OCR-relevant examples. Use it as a first step to decoding complex vocabulary.
许多生物学术语由希腊语或拉丁语词根构成。学习这些构词模块可以把陌生词汇变得可理解。下表给出基本词根、含义和 OCR 相关的实例，作为破解复杂词汇的第一步。
| Prefix/Suffix | Meaning (Eng) | 中文含义 | Example | 示例中文 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| hyper- | above, excessive | 超过、过度 | hypertonic | 高渗的 |
| hypo- | below, deficient | 低于、不足 | hypotonic | 低渗的 |
| endo- | inside, internal | 内、内部 | endocytosis | 胞吞作用 |
| exo- | outside, external | 外、外部 | exocytosis | 胞吐作用 |
| cyto- | cell | 细胞 | cytoskeleton | 细胞骨架 |
| -philic | loving, attracted to | 亲和的 | hydrophilic | 亲水的 |
| -phobic | fearing, repelling | 疏水的 | hydrophobic | 疏水的 |
| glyco-/ sacchar- | sugar | 糖 | glycogen / monosaccharide | 糖原 / 单糖 |
| mono- / poly- | one / many | 单一 / 多 | monomer / polymer | 单体 / 多聚体 |
| -ase | enzyme | 酶 | DNA polymerase | DNA 聚合酶 |
| lysis | splitting, breaking | 分解、裂解 | hydrolysis | 水解 |
| synth- | building up | 合成 | photosynthesis | 光合作用 |
Whenever you encounter a new term, try to break it into these common parts. For instance, ‘phosphodiester bond’ can be split into phospho- (phosphate), di- (two), ester (linkage) – a bond linking two sugars via a phosphate group.
每当你遇到新术语时，试着把它拆分成这些常见部分。例如 ‘phosphodiester bond’ 可以拆分为 phospho- (磷酸基)、di- (两个)、ester (酯键) – 通过磷酸基连接两个糖的键。
3. Cell Structure and Organelles | 细胞结构与细胞器
The nucleus is the control centre, housing genetic material (DNA) and managing gene expression. A double membrane with pores allows selective transport of molecules.
细胞核是控制中心，容纳遗传物质 (DNA) 并管理基因表达。其双层膜上的核孔允许分子选择性运输。
Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration, producing ATP. Their highly folded inner membrane (cristae) increases surface area for the electron transport chain.
线粒体是有氧呼吸的场所，产生 ATP。其高度折叠的内膜 (嵴) 增加了电子传递链的表面积。
Ribosomes, composed of rRNA and protein, carry out protein synthesis. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is studded with ribosomes and processes proteins, while the smooth ER synthesises lipids and detoxifies substances.
核糖体由 rRNA 和蛋白质组成，执行蛋白质合成。粗面内质网 (RER) 附着核糖体，加工蛋白质；而滑面内质网合成脂质和解毒。
The Golgi apparatus modifies, packages and transports proteins into vesicles. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion.
高尔基体修饰、包装蛋白质并将其运输到囊泡中。溶酶体含有水解酶，用于细胞内消化。
Plant cells also possess a cellulose cell wall for support, a large permanent vacuole for storage and turgor, and chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
植物细胞还有纤维素细胞壁提供支持，一个大的永久液泡用于储存和维持膨压，以及叶绿体进行光合作用。
4. Biological Molecules | 生物分子
Monomers are small repeating units that join by condensation reactions to form polymers, with water released. The reverse, hydrolysis, adds water to break polymers.
单体是小的重复单元，通过缩合反应连接形成多聚体，同时释放水。相反的水解反应加水使多聚体断裂。
Carbohydrates include monosaccharides (e.g., glucose), disaccharides (e.g., sucrose), and polysaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose). Glycosidic bonds link sugar units.
碳水化合物包括单糖 (如葡萄糖)、二糖 (如蔗糖) 和多糖 (如淀粉、糖原、纤维素)。糖苷键连接糖单元。
Lipids are non-polar macromolecules. Triglycerides consist of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids joined by ester bonds. Phospholipids replace one fatty acid with a phosphate group, making them amphipathic – crucial for membrane formation.
脂质是非极性大分子。甘油三酯由一个甘油分子和三个脂肪酸通过酯键连接而成。磷脂用一个磷酸基团取代一个脂肪酸，使其成为兼性分子 – 对膜的形成至关重要。
Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Their specific shape is determined by primary (sequence), secondary (α-helix, β-pleated sheet), tertiary (3D folding due to hydrogen, ionic, disulfide bonds) and quaternary (multiple polypeptide chains) structures.
蛋白质是由肽键连接的氨基酸多聚体。其特定形状由一级结构 (序列)、二级结构 (α-螺旋、β-折叠)、三级结构 (因氢键、离子键、二硫键形成的三维折叠) 和四级结构 (多条多肽链) 决定。
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are polymers of nucleotides, each containing a pentose sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous base. Phosphodiester bonds form the sugar-phosphate backbone. ATP is the universal energy currency, releasing energy when its terminal phosphate is hydrolysed.
核酸 (DNA 和 RNA) 是核苷酸的多聚体，每个核苷酸含一个戊糖、一个磷酸基和一个含氮碱基。磷酸二酯键构成糖-磷酸骨架。ATP 是通用能量货币，其末端磷酸水解时释放能量。
5. Cell Membranes and Transport | 细胞膜与运输
The fluid mosaic model describes membranes as a phospholipid bilayer with proteins, cholesterol, glycolipids and glycoproteins. The bilayer is fluid, allowing lateral movement of components. ‘Mosaic’ refers to the scattered protein pattern.
流动镶嵌模型将膜描述为磷脂双分子层，镶嵌有蛋白质、胆固醇、糖脂和糖蛋白。双分子层具有流动性，允许组分侧向移动。’镶嵌’ 指蛋白质的散在分布模式。
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration, down a concentration gradient, without energy input. Facilitated diffusion uses channel or carrier proteins for polar or large molecules, still passive.
扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，顺浓度梯度，不消耗能量。易化扩散利用通道蛋白或载体蛋白运输极性或大分子，仍为被动过程。
Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules from a region of higher water potential (ψ) to lower water potential through a partially permeable membrane. Water potential is measured in kPa and defined by the equation:
渗透作用是水分子通过部分透性膜从较高水势 (ψ) 区域向较低水势区域的扩散。水势以千帕 (kPa) 为单位，由以下方程定义：
ψ = ψₛ + ψₚ
where ψₛ is solute potential and ψₚ is pressure potential. In plant cells, turgor pressure results from water entry into the vacuole.
其中 ψₛ 为溶质势，ψₚ 为压力势。在植物细胞中，水进入液泡导致膨胀压。
Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient using energy (ATP) and specific carrier proteins. Co-transport, as in glucose absorption in the ileum, uses the sodium gradient set by Na⁺/K⁺ pumps to drive glucose uptake.
主动运输利用能量 (ATP) 和特定载体蛋白逆浓度梯度移动分子。协同转运 (如回肠中葡萄糖吸收) 利用 Na⁺/K⁺ 泵建立的钠梯度驱动葡萄糖摄取。
Bulk transport includes endocytosis (engulfing materials into vesicles) and exocytosis (vesicles fusing with membrane to secrete contents).
大块运输包括内吞 (将物质包入囊泡) 和外排 (囊泡与膜融合释放内含物)。
6. Enzymes and Metabolic Pathways | 酶与代谢途径Published by TutorHao | Year 12 Biology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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