📚 Year 12 CIE Biology: Terminology Memorisation Guide | 词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the dense vocabulary of CIE AS Biology can feel like learning a new language. This guide breaks down essential Year 12 terms using mnemonics, word origins, and vivid mental images, so you can recall them instantly in the exam.
掌握 CIE AS 生物学密集的词汇，就像学一门新语言。本指南运用助记、词源和生动的心理图像，拆解 Year 12 核心术语，让你能在考试中瞬间回忆起来。
1. Cell Structure and Organelles | 细胞结构与细胞器
Mitochondrion (plural mitochondria): Think ‘mighty fitness factory’. The inner membrane is folded into cristae, providing a huge surface area for aerobic respiration. It produces ATP, the cell’s energy currency.
线粒体：想象成一座“强大的健身工厂”。内膜向内折叠形成嵴，为有氧呼吸提供了巨大的表面积。它生产细胞的能量货币 ATP。
Ribosome: This tiny organelle is made of rRNA and protein and is the site of protein synthesis. Remember it as the ‘rib-some’ — the ‘rib’ cage building the body’s proteins. It has no membrane, so it is 70S in prokaryotes and chloroplasts, 80S in eukaryotes.
核糖体：这个微小细胞器由 rRNA 和蛋白质构成，是蛋白质合成的场所。把它记作“核糖体”——在“核”心搭建蛋白质的“糖”果小车间。它没有膜，所以原核生物和叶绿体中为 70S，真核生物中为 80S。
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER): Studded with ribosomes, giving it a ‘rough’ appearance. Picture a conveyor belt in a factory where proteins are folded and transported. ‘Rough’ rhymes with ‘enough’, so when there are enough proteins, RER processes them.
粗面内质网：因布满核糖体而表面“粗糙”。把它想象成工厂里的传送带，蛋白质在此折叠和运输。’Rough’ 与 ‘rough’ 粗糙联想，就像粗加工的车间。
Golgi apparatus: The cell’s post office. It modifies, packages and ships proteins in vesicles. Think ‘Golgi’ sounds like ‘go’ and ‘lgi’ — ‘let’s go ship it’. Vesicles pinched off can be sent to the cell membrane for secretion.
高尔基体：细胞的邮局。它修饰、打包并用囊泡运送蛋白质。’Golgi’ 听起来像 ‘go’（走）和 ‘lgi’（立刻）——“走，立刻发货”。出芽的囊泡可以送到细胞膜进行分泌。
2. Biological Molecules | 生物分子
Glycosidic bond: The bond linking monosaccharides in carbohydrates. ‘Glyco’ means sugar, ‘sidic’ like ‘side’ — think of sugars lying side by side, joined by a strong covalent bridge. It forms via a condensation reaction.
糖苷键：连接碳水化合物中单糖的化学键。’Glyco’ 意为糖，’sidic’ 像 ‘side’（旁边）——想象单糖们肩并肩，由坚固的共价桥连接。它通过缩合反应形成。
Ester bond: Found in triglycerides, linking glycerol and fatty acids. ‘Ester’ sounds like ‘extra’ bond that stores energy. Picture three fatty acid ‘tails’ linked to a glycerol ‘head’ through ester linkages, making a fat molecule.
酯键：存在于甘油三酯中，连接甘油和脂肪酸。’Ester’ 听起来像“额外的”键用来储存能量。想象三条脂肪酸“尾巴”通过酯键连接到甘油“头”上，形成一个脂肪分子。
Peptide bond: The covalent bond between amino acids in proteins. Formed by a condensation reaction between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another. Think ‘peptide’ as ‘pep-tied’ — peptides tied tightly in a chain.
肽键：蛋白质中氨基酸之间的共价键。由一个氨基酸的羧基与另一个的氨基发生缩合反应形成。把 ‘peptide’ 想成“被紧紧绑在一起”——氨基酸链条紧密相连。
Phosphodiester bond: Found in the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA and RNA. ‘Phospho’ indicates phosphate, ‘diester’ two ester bonds. Imagine a phosphate group wearing two ‘ester boots’ linking to two sugars, creating a tough backbone.
磷酸二酯键：存在于 DNA 和 RNA 的糖-磷酸骨架中。’Phospho’ 指磷酸，’diester’ 是两个酯键。想象一个磷酸基团穿着两只“酯靴子”，连接两个糖，形成坚固的骨架。
3. Enzymes in Action | 酶的作用
Active site: The specific region on an enzyme where the substrate binds. It has a unique shape complementary to the substrate. Visualise a lock (enzyme) with a keyhole (active site) that only a specific key (substrate) fits.
活性位点：酶上底物结合的特异区域。它具有与底物互补的独特形状。把酶想象成锁，活性位点是钥匙孔，只有特定的钥匙（底物）才能插入。
Induced-fit model: This refines the lock-and-key idea. The active site slightly changes shape to embrace the substrate, like a glove that moulds around your hand. Mnemonic: ‘Induce’ means to bring about — the substrate induces the fit.
诱导契合模型：它改良了锁钥学说。活性位点会轻微变形以贴合底物，就像手套会贴合手的形状。助记：’Induce’（诱导）就是引发——底物诱导了契合。
Competitive inhibitor: A molecule similar in shape to the substrate that blocks the active site. Memory hack: ‘Competitor’ races for the same seat. If it sits down, the substrate cannot. Increasing substrate concentration can outcompete the inhibitor.
竞争性抑制剂：形状与底物相似的分子，会堵塞活性位点。记忆方法：’Competitor’（竞争选手）争夺同一个座位。如果它坐下了，底物就无法坐下。增加底物浓度可以竞争过抑制剂。
Non-competitive inhibitor: Binds elsewhere on the enzyme (allosteric site), changing the active site shape so the substrate no longer fits. Think of it as a jammed door hinge — the key still fits, but the door cannot open.
非竞争性抑制剂：结合在酶的其他部位（别构位点），改变活性位点形状，使底物不再适配。想象门合页被卡住了——钥匙仍能插进，但门打不开。
4. Cell Membrane and Transport | 细胞膜与运输
Fluid mosaic model: Describes the cell membrane as a flexible double layer of phospholipids with scattered proteins. ‘Fluid’ because molecules move laterally; ‘mosaic’ because of the protein patches. Picture a sea of oil with icebergs (proteins) drifting.
流动镶嵌模型：将细胞膜描述为柔性的磷脂双分子层，上面散布着蛋白质。’Fluid’（流动）因为分子可侧向移动；’mosaic’（镶嵌）因为蛋白质像拼贴的图案。想象一片油脂海洋，上面漂浮着冰山（蛋白质）。
Facilitated diffusion: Passive transport of polar molecules or ions through channel or carrier proteins, down a concentration gradient. It needs no ATP. Think ‘facilitated’ means ‘made easy’ — proteins help molecules cross without effort, like using a toll-free tunnel.
协助扩散：极性分子或离子通过通道蛋白或载体蛋白顺浓度梯度的被动运输。它不需要 ATP。’facilitated’ 意为“便利的”——蛋白质帮忙分子轻松过路，就像走免费隧道。
Active transport: Movement of molecules against a concentration gradient, using carrier proteins and ATP. Picture a mole (molecule) pushing uphill with a battery (ATP). A classic example is the sodium-potassium pump.
主动运输：分子逆浓度梯度的运动，利用载体蛋白和 ATP。想象一只鼹鼠（分子）推着电池（ATP）爬坡。典型例子是钠钾泵。
Endocytosis/Exocytosis: Bulk transport into or out of the cell by membrane folding. ‘Endo’ — enter; ‘exo’ — exit; ‘cytosis’ — cell. Imagine the cell ‘swallowing’ a particle (phagocytosis) or drinking fluid (pinocytosis). Vesicles fuse or pinch off.
胞吞/胞吐作用：通过膜折叠进行的物质大块进出。’Endo’ 入，’exo’ 出，’cytosis’ 细胞。想象细胞“吞没”颗粒（吞噬）或饮入液体（胞饮）。囊泡融合或脱落。
5. Mitosis and the Cell Cycle | 有丝分裂与细胞周期
Interphase: The preparatory phase where DNA replicates and cell grows. Not a resting stage! Remember ‘Inter’ as ‘in between’ divisions. G1 (growth), S (synthesis of DNA), G2 (growth and final checks).
间期：DNA 复制和细胞生长的准备阶段。并非静止期！把 ‘Inter’ 记作“在……之间”，即两次分裂之间。分为 G1 期（生长）、S 期（DNA 合成）、G2 期（生长与最后检查）。
Prophase: Chromosomes condense and become visible. Nuclear envelope breaks down. ‘Pro’ means ‘before’ — before everything else lines up. Think of ‘pro’ as ‘prepare’ — the cell prepares for alignment.
前期：染色体浓缩变可见。核膜解体。’Pro’ 意为“前”——在一切对齐之前。把 ‘pro’ 联想成“预备”——细胞为排列做准备。
Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the equator (metaphase plate). ‘Meta’ means ‘middle’. Imagine a ‘meeting’ in the middle. Spindle fibres attach to centromeres.
中期：染色体排列在赤道板（中期板）上。’Meta’ 意为“中间”。想象在“中间开会”。纺锤丝附着在着丝粒上。
Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles. ‘Ana’ means ‘up’ or ‘apart’. Think ‘anaphase’ — ‘apart phase’. Spindle fibres shorten, separating genetic material.
后期：姐妹染色单体被拉向相反两极。’Ana’ 意为“向上”或“分离”。想想 ‘anaphase’ ——“分离阶段”。纺锤丝缩短，分离遗传物质。
Telophase: Nuclear envelopes reform around each set of chromosomes. ‘Telo’ means ‘end’. Picture ‘tele’ phone — call ending the process. Chromosomes decondense.
末期：每个染色体组周围重新形成核膜。’Telo’ 意为“末端”。想象打电话时说“结束”。染色体解旋。
6. DNA Replication | DNA 复制
Semi-conservative replication: Each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesised strand. ‘Semi’ half, ‘conservative’ conserve. So half the old is conserved. Meselson and Stahl proved it.
半保留复制：每个新 DNA 分子含有一条原来的链和一条新合成的链。’Semi’ 一半，’conservative’ 保留。所以保留一半旧的。梅塞尔森和斯塔尔证明了它。
Helicase: The enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds between bases. ‘Helicase’ sounds like ‘helix-un-case’ — un-casing the helix. It creates the replication fork.
解旋酶：通过断开碱基间氢键来解旋 DNA 双螺旋的酶。’Helicase’ 听起来像 ‘helix-un-case’ ——把螺旋“拆箱”。它形成复制叉。
DNA polymerase: Enzyme that synthesises new DNA strands by adding complementary nucleotides in the 5′ to 3′ direction. It also proofreads. Think ‘polymers’ — it builds the polymer. Needs a primer to start.
DNA 聚合酶：按 5′ 到 3′ 方向添加互补核苷酸来合成新 DNA 链的酶，同时具有校对功能。把它想成“聚合器”——它构建聚合物。需要引物启动。
Okazaki fragments: Short DNA sequences on the lagging strand, synthesised discontinuously away from the fork. Named after scientist Okazaki. Imagine ‘okay-zaki’ little pieces that are later ligated together by ligase.
冈崎片段：后随链上的短 DNA 序列，以不连续方式合成，方向远离复制叉。以科学家冈崎命名。想象“OK 小片段”，稍后被连接酶连接在一起。
7. Transport in Plants | 植物运输
Xylem vessel: A hollow, dead tube that transports water and mineral ions upwards. Lignin thickens and waterproofs the walls. ‘Xylem’ sounds like ‘zi-lem’ — think of a zipline for water rising from roots to leaves. Cohesion-tension theory pulls the column of water.
木质部导管：中空、死细胞构成的管道，向上运输水和矿质离子。木质素加厚并防水。’Xylem’ 听起来像“纤维”——想象一条从根到叶的水上滑索。内聚力-张力学说拉动水柱。
Cohesion-tension theory: Water molecules stick together by hydrogen bonds (cohesion) and are pulled up by transpiration from leaves (tension). Picture a chain of people holding hands, being pulled from the top. This creates a continuous transpiration stream.
内聚力-张力学说：水分子通过氢键相互黏附（内聚力），并被叶片蒸腾作用向上拉（张力）。想象一队人手拉手被从顶端拉起。这形成连续的蒸腾流。
Phloem: Living tissue that transports sucrose and amino acids bidirectionally (translocation). Sieve tube elements have no nucleus, but companion cells provide energy. ‘Phloem’ sounds like ‘flow-em’ — the flow of food. Source-to-sink movement.
韧皮部：活组织，双向运输蔗糖和氨基酸（转运）。筛管分子无核，伴胞提供能量。’Phloem’ 听起来像 ‘flow em’ ——食物流动。由源到库移动。
Translocation: The movement of assimilates from source (where produced, e.g. leaves) to sink (where used/stored, e.g. roots). Mechanism: pressure-flow hypothesis. Think ‘trans-location’ = transferring location of food. Active loading creates high osmotic pressure.
转运作用：同化物从源（产生地，如叶片）向库（使用/储存地，如根）的移动。机制：压力流动假说。想象“转移位置”——食物改变位置。主动装载产生高渗透压。
8. Immunity and Defence | 免疫与防御
Antigen: Any foreign molecule (often protein) that triggers an immune response. ‘Anti-gen’ – against generator. It generates antibody production. Found on pathogen surfaces. The body recognises it as ‘non-self’.
抗原：任何引发免疫应答的外来分子（常为蛋白质）。’Anti-gen’ ——抗体生成者。它促发抗体产生。存在于病原体表面。身体识别为“非己”。
Antibody: Y-shaped protein produced by plasma cells, specific to an antigen. ‘Anti-body’ — against the body invader. It binds to antigen, leading to agglutination or marking for destruction. Remember the Y shape as a ‘why?’ asking the invader why it came.
抗体：浆细胞产生的 Y 形蛋白质，对抗原特异。’Anti-body’ ——对抗身体的入侵者。它结合抗原，导致凝集或标示以便破坏。把 Y 形想作“为什么？”质问入侵者。
Phagocytosis: Process by which phagocytes (like neutrophils and macrophages) engulf and digest pathogens. ‘Phago’ means eating, ‘cytosis’ cell. Imagine Pac-Man eating ghosts — Pac-cyte. The pathogen is enclosed in a phagosome, then fused with a lysosome to be digested.
吞噬作用：吞噬细胞（如中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞）吞噬并消化病原体的过程。’Phago’ 意为吃，’cytosis’ 细胞。想象吃豆人吃鬼魂——吞噬细胞。病原体被包入吞噬体，随后与溶酶体融合被消化。
Memory cell: Long-lived lymphocyte produced after clonal selection, enabling a faster, stronger secondary response. ‘Memory’ — remembers the enemy. Vaccination relies on this. If the same antigen returns, these cells divide rapidly, so you don’t get ill.
记忆细胞：克隆选择后产生的长寿淋巴细胞，使二次应答更快更强。’Memory’ ——记住敌人。疫苗依赖于此。如果相同抗原再次出现，这些细胞迅速分裂，因此你不会生病。
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