Year 12 Edexcel Engineering: Summer Preparation and Bridging Course | Year 12 Edexcel 工程：暑期预习与衔接课程

📚 Year 12 Edexcel Engineering: Summer Preparation and Bridging Course | Year 12 Edexcel 工程：暑期预习与衔接课程

Starting Year 12 Edexcel Engineering is an exciting step into the world of applied science and technology. This summer preparation and bridging course is designed to strengthen your foundational knowledge in mathematics, physics, and engineering principles so you can hit the ground running in September. By reviewing key concepts from GCSE and introducing AS-level topics, you will build confidence and reduce the anxiety of the first term.

开始 Year 12 Edexcel 工程课程，是踏入应用科学与技术世界令人兴奋的一步。本暑期预习与衔接课程旨在巩固你在数学、物理和工程原理方面的基础知识，让你在九月份开学时能顺利起步。通过复习 GCSE 关键概念并引入 AS 级别主题，你将建立信心并减少第一学期的焦虑。

1. Course Overview and Assessment | 课程概述与评估

The Edexcel AS Engineering (9ET0) course in Year 12 comprises two mandatory units: Unit 1 – Engineering Principles and Unit 2 – Delivery of Engineering Processes Safely as a Team. Unit 1 is a 2-hour written examination worth 80 marks, covering mathematics, mechanics, electronics, and materials. Unit 2 is internally assessed, requiring you to work in a team to design, plan, and deliver an engineering product or process, with a strong focus on health and safety, planning, and evaluation.

Edexcel AS 工程（9ET0）在 Year 12 包含两个必修单元：第一单元“工程原理”和第二单元“安全地以团队方式交付工程流程”。第一单元为 2 小时笔试，共 80 分，涵盖数学、力学、电子学和材料学。第二单元通过内部评估进行，要求以团队形式设计、规划和交付一个工程产品或流程，重点考核健康与安全、规划和评估能力。

Understanding the assessment objectives early helps you target your revision. Unit 1 tests your ability to recall knowledge, apply it to engineering problems, and analyse data. Unit 2 develops your practical and collaborative skills through a real project. Familiarise yourself with the specification and past papers over the summer to get a head start.

提前了解评估目标有助于有针对性地复习。第一单元考查知识记忆、工程问题应用和数据分析能力。第二单元通过真实项目培养你的实践与团队协作能力。在暑假期间熟悉课程大纲和历年真题，可以让你抢占先机。

---

2. Essential Mathematics for Engineering | 工程必备数学

Engineering relies heavily on mathematics. You will need to be confident with algebraic manipulation, solving linear and quadratic equations, and using trigonometric relationships. Become comfortable rearranging formulas to make any variable the subject, as this skill is used constantly in mechanics and electronics.

工程高度依赖数学。你需要自信地进行代数运算、求解线性方程和二次方程，并运用三角关系。要习惯于重新排列公式以求出任意变量，因为这项技能在力学和电子学中会不断用到。

x = [−b ± √(b² − 4ac)] / (2a)

The quadratic formula above is essential for finding roots. Also review trigonometric identities such as sin²θ + cos²θ = 1 and the sine and cosine rules for non-right-angled triangles. Vectors are used to resolve forces and velocities, so practise splitting a vector into its horizontal and vertical components: Fₓ = F cosθ, Fᵧ = F sinθ.

上面的二次公式对于求根至关重要。还要复习三角恒等式，如 sin²θ + cos²θ = 1，以及用于非直角三角形的正弦和余弦定理。矢量用于分解力和速度，所以要练习将矢量分解为水平和垂直分量：Fₓ = F cosθ，Fᵧ = F sinθ。

Basic calculus is introduced in Unit 1 for motion and area problems. You should be able to differentiate simple polynomials (e.g., if y = x², dy/dx = 2x) and integrate to find the area under a graph. Understanding the gradient of a distance–time graph as velocity and the area under a velocity–time graph as displacement bridges mathematics with real-world movement.

第一单元会引入基础微积分来处理运动和面积问题。你应能对简单多项式求导（如 y = x²，dy/dx = 2x）并进行积分以求图形下的面积。理解距离–时间图的斜率为速度，速度–时间图下的面积为位移，这能将数学与真实世界的运动联系起来。

---

3. Mechanics: Forces and Equilibrium | 力学：力与平衡

Newton’s three laws of motion form the backbone of engineering mechanics. An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by a resultant force (First Law). The net force on an object equals its mass times acceleration (Second Law):

牛顿三大运动定律构成了工程力学的支柱。除非受到合外力作用，物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动（第一定律）。物体所受合外力等于质量乘以加速度（第二定律）：

F = m a

and every action has an equal and opposite reaction (Third Law). Free-body diagrams help you visualise all forces acting on a body, including weight, normal reaction, friction, and tension.

而每一个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力（第三定律）。自由体图能帮助你直观显示作用在物体上的所有力，包括重量、法向反力、摩擦力和张力。

When a system is in static equilibrium, the sum of all forces and the sum of all moments about any point must be zero. The moment of a force is:

当系统处于静力平衡时，所有力的矢量和以及对任一点的力矩总和必须为零。力矩定义为：

M = F × d

where d is the perpendicular distance from the pivot to the line of action of the force. Practise problems involving simply supported beams and concentrated loads to master the principle of moments.

其中 d 为枢轴点到力作用线的垂直距离。通过练习简支梁和集中载荷问题，可以掌握力矩原理。

You will also study stress and strain as an introduction to material behaviour under load. Direct stress σ = F/A (force over cross-sectional area) and strain ε = ΔL/L₀ (change in length over original length). These concepts lead to Young’s modulus E = σ/ε, a measure of stiffness.

你还将学习应力和应变，作为材料在载荷下行为的入门。正应力 σ = F/A（力除以横截面积），应变 ε = ΔL/L₀（长度变化量除以原始长度）。这些概念引出杨氏模量 E = σ/ε，它是衡量材料刚度的指标。

---

4. Materials and Their Properties | 材料及其特性

Engineering materials are broadly classified into metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites. Understanding their mechanical, physical, and thermal properties is key to selecting the right material for a design. Mechanical properties include strength, hardness, toughness, ductility, and elasticity. Physical properties cover density, melting point, and electrical conductivity.

工程材料大致分为金属、聚合物、陶瓷和复合材料。了解它们的力学、物理和热学特性，是选择合适设计材料的关键。力学性能包括强度、硬度、韧性、延展性和弹性。物理性能包括密度、熔点和导电性。

The table below summarises typical properties of common engineering materials. Use this to compare and contrast materials for different applications.

下表总结了常见工程材料的典型特性。利用它比较不同材料在不同应用中的表现。

Material / 材料	Density (kg/m³) / 密度	Tensile Strength (MPa) / 抗拉强度	Young’s Modulus (GPa) / 杨氏模量	Typical Use / 典型用途
Low Carbon Steel / 低碳钢	7850	400–550	210	Structural frames, car bodies / 结构框架、汽车车身
Aluminium Alloy / 铝合金	2700	200–600	70	Aircraft skins, cans / 飞机蒙皮、易拉罐
Polyethylene (HDPE) / 高密度聚乙烯	950	20–40	1–2	Pipes, containers / 管道、容器
Alumina Ceramic / 氧化铝陶瓷	3800	300–500 (compression) / 压缩	350	Insulators, cutting tools / 绝缘体、切削刀具

Metals are generally ductile and good conductors, while ceramics are brittle but have high melting points. Polymers are lightweight and corrosion-resistant but have lower strength and stiffness. Combining materials into composites can yield tailored properties, such as carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer, which is used in high-performance sports equipment and aerospace.

金属通常具有延展性且导电性好，而陶瓷脆性大但熔点高。聚合物轻质且耐腐蚀，但强度和刚度较低。将材料复合可以获得定制的性能，例如碳纤维增强聚合物，广泛应用于高性能运动器材和航空航天领域。

---

5. Energy Systems and Thermodynamics | 能量系统与热力学

Energy is the capacity to do work and exists in many forms: kinetic, gravitational potential, thermal, chemical, electrical, and nuclear. The principle of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted from one form to another.

能量是做功的能力，以多种形式存在：动能、重力势能、热能、化学能、电能和核能。能量守恒定律指出，能量不能被创造或消灭，只能从一种形式转移或转化为另一种形式。

Kinetic energy Eₖ = ½ m v² and gravitational potential energy Eₚ = m g h are particularly important in mechanical systems. The work done by a force is W = F d cosθ, and power is the rate of doing work: P = W/t or P = F v for constant velocity.

动能 Eₖ = ½ m v² 和重力势能 Eₚ = m g h 在机械系统中尤为重要。力所做的功为 W = F d cosθ，功率是做功的速率：P = W/t，或对匀速运动有 P = F v。

When energy is converted, some is always dissipated as waste, often as heat. Efficiency η is defined as:

能量转换过程中总有一部分被浪费，通常以热量形式耗散。效率 η 定义为：

η = (Useful energy output / Total energy input) × 100%

In thermodynamics, the first law is written as ΔU = Q − W, where ΔU is the change in internal energy, Q is heat added to the system, and W is work done by the system. You will also learn how to calculate heat transfer using Q = m c ΔT, where c is the specific heat capacity.

在热力学中，第一定律写作 ΔU = Q − W，其中 ΔU 为内能变化，Q 为系统吸收的热量，W 为系统对外做的功。你还会学习用 Q = m c ΔT 计算热量传递，其中 c 为比热容。

Understanding energy systems helps you analyse engines, power stations, and renewable energy devices. Practise calculating energy losses and efficiency for simple systems like a motor lifting a load or a solar panel charging a battery.

理解能量系统有助于分析发动机、发电站和可再生能源设备。练习计算电动机提升重物或太阳能板充电等简单系统的能量损失和效率。

---

6. Engineering Drawing and CAD | 工程制图与计算机辅助设计

Engineers must communicate design ideas clearly. Engineering drawings use standard conventions such as orthographic projection, isometric views, and dimensioning. In Year 12, you will be introduced to first-angle and third-angle projection, with the UK typically using third-angle. You need to draw front, side, and plan views accurately, using appropriate line types: continuous thick for outlines, continuous thin for dimension lines, and dashed for hidden detail.

工程师必须清晰地传达设计思想。工程图纸使用正投影、等轴测图和尺寸标注等标准惯例。在 Year 12，你将学习第一角投影和第三角投影，英国通常使用第三角。你需要使用恰当的线型准确绘制前视图、侧视图和俯视图：粗实线表示轮廓，细实线表示尺寸线，虚线表示隐藏细节。

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software is widely used to create 2D and 3D models. Familiarising yourself with basic CAD commands (line, circle, extrude, trim) will greatly benefit your project work in Unit 2 and beyond. Free student versions of software like Fusion 360 or Onshape are excellent for summer practice.

计算机辅助设计（CAD）软件广泛用于创建二维和三维模型。熟悉基本 CAD 命令（直线、圆、拉伸、修剪）将对你在第二单元及之后的项目工作大有裨益。像 Fusion 360 或 Onshape 等免费学生版软件是暑期实践的绝佳选择。

Additionally, you should understand scales (e.g., 1:2, 2:1) and tolerances – the permissible limits of variation in a dimension. A dimension such as 50 ± 0.2 mm indicates that the part can measure between 49.8 mm and 50.2 mm and still be acceptable.

此外，你应理解比例（如 1:2、2:1）和公差——尺寸允许的变动范围。例如 50 ± 0.2 mm 的尺寸表示该零件测量值在 49.8 mm 至 50.2 mm 之间均可接受。

---

7. Health, Safety and Risk Management | 健康、安全与风险管理

Health and safety is not just a paperwork exercise; it is an ethical and legal responsibility in engineering. The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 places duties on employers and employees to ensure a safe working environment. You will learn about hazard identification and risk assessment using a standard Risk Matrix that evaluates the likelihood and severity of harm.

健康与安全不仅是文书工作，更是工程中的道德和法律责任。《1974 年工作健康与安全法》规定雇主和雇员有责任确保安全的工作环境。你将学习使用标准风险矩阵评估危险和风险，该矩阵衡量危害发生的可能性和严重程度。

A typical risk assessment follows five steps: identify hazards, decide who might be harmed and how, evaluate the risks and implement controls, record the findings, and review the assessment regularly. Control measures follow a hierarchy: eliminate, substitute, engineering controls, administrative controls, and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) as the last resort.

典型的风险评估遵循五个步骤：识别危险、确定可能受伤害的人员及方式、评估风险并实施控制措施、记录结果并定期审查评估。控制措施遵循优先次序：消除、替代、工程控制、管理控制，最后才使用个人防护装备（PPE）。

Published by TutorHao | Year 12 工程 Revision Series | aleveler.com

更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）