📚 Year 13 AQA PE: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Revision Guide | A-Level 体育核心词汇速记指南
This article compiles the most important terminology across the Year 13 AQA A-level Physical Education specification. Each term is explained in simple English and paired with a memory hook or mnemonic ‑ so you can absorb and recall key vocabulary faster. From movement analysis to sport psychology, use this guide to strengthen your command of subject language and boost your exam performance.
本文整理了 Year 13 AQA A-level 体育课程中最关键的术语。每个术语都用简明英语解释，并配上记忆挂钩或助记口诀，让你更快吸收、牢记核心词汇。从动作分析到运动心理学，使用这份指南提升学科语言能力，在考试中取得更好成绩。
1. Movement Analysis & Biomechanics | 动作分析与生物力学
Linear motion is movement in a straight or curved line, described by distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration. It often applies to a sprinter or a javelin in flight.
直线运动是指沿直线或曲线进行的运动，用距离、位移、速率、速度和加速度描述，常见于短跑运动员或飞行中的标枪。
Angular motion occurs when a body rotates around an axis, such as a gymnast performing a somersault. Key quantities include angular displacement, angular velocity, and moment of inertia.
角运动是身体绕轴旋转时发生的运动，例如体操运动员做空翻。关键量包括角位移、角速度和转动惯量。
Moment of inertia = Σmr², where m is mass and r is distance from the axis. The tighter the tuck, the smaller the moment of inertia, so rotation speeds up (conservation of angular momentum).
转动惯量 = Σmr²，m 为质量，r 为离轴距离。团身越紧，转动惯量越小，旋转就会加速（角动量守恒）。
Levers: 1st class (force–axis–resistance, e.g. head nodding), 2nd class (axis–resistance–force, e.g. calf raise), 3rd class (axis–force–resistance, e.g. bicep curl). Most body levers are 3rd class ‑ built for speed and range.
杠杆类型：一类杠杆（力点–支点–阻力点，如点头），二类杠杆（支点–阻力点–力点，如提踵），三类杠杆（支点–力点–阻力点，如肱二头肌弯举）。人体大多数杠杆为三类杠杆，专为速度和动作幅度设计。
2. Neuromuscular System & Muscle Contraction | 神经肌肉系统与肌肉收缩
Motor unit: a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it innervates. Fine movements (eyes) have small motor units; gross movements (quadriceps) have large motor units.
运动单位：一个运动神经元及其所支配的全部肌纤维。精细动作（如眼部）运动单位小；粗大动作（如股四头肌）运动单位大。
All‑or‑none law: once the threshold is reached, all muscle fibres in the motor unit contract fully. There is no partial contraction.
全或无定律：一旦达到阈值，运动单位内所有肌纤维都全力收缩，不存在部分收缩。
Wave summation: repeated stimulation before complete relaxation produces a stronger contraction. Tetanus is sustained maximal contraction from very rapid stimuli.
波叠加：在完全舒张前重复刺激会产生更强的收缩。强直收缩是极快刺激引起的持续最大收缩。
Muscle spindles detect stretch and initiate the stretch reflex to prevent over‑lengthening. Golgi tendon organs sense tension and inhibit contraction to protect the tendon.
肌梭检测肌肉拉伸并引发牵张反射以防止过度拉长。高尔基腱器官感受张力并抑制收缩以保护肌腱。
3. Energy Systems & Exercise Physiology | 能量系统与运动生理学
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the immediate energy currency. It breaks down to ADP + Pi, releasing energy.
ATP（三磷酸腺苷）是即时能量货币，分解为 ADP + Pi 并释放能量。
Phosphocreatine (PCr) system (ATP–PC, alactic): resynthesises ATP rapidly for 8–10 s. Suited to explosive activities like a 100 m start or a high jump.
磷酸肌酸系统（ATP–PC、无乳酸系统）：在 8–10 秒内快速再合成 ATP，适用于 100 米起跑或跳高等爆发力活动。
Anaerobic glycolytic system (lactic acid system): breaks down glucose without oxygen, producing ATP for up to 2‑3 minutes and causing lactic acid accumulation.
无氧糖酵解系统（乳酸系统）：无氧条件下分解葡萄糖，提供 ATP 长达 2–3 分钟，并导致乳酸堆积。
Aerobic system: uses oxygen to oxidise carbohydrates, fats, and protein in mitochondria, yielding large ATP amounts for endurance events.
有氧系统：利用氧气在线粒体中氧化碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质，为耐力项目提供大量 ATP。
VO₂ max: maximum oxygen uptake per minute per kg, a key indicator of aerobic endurance. Affected by genetics, training, age, and gender.
最大摄氧量：每分钟每公斤体重摄取的最大氧气量，是有氧耐力的关键指标，受基因、训练、年龄和性别影响。
4. Cardiovascular & Respiratory Terminology | 心血管与呼吸术语
Stroke volume (SV): volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat. Heart rate (HR): beats per minute. Cardiac output (Q) = SV × HR.
每搏输出量：左心室每次搏动射出的血量。心率：每分钟心跳数。心输出量 = 每搏输出量 × 心率。
Venous return: blood returning to the heart. Increased by the muscle pump, respiratory pump, and valves. Starling’s law links venous return to stroke volume.
静脉回流：返回心脏的血液。肌肉泵、呼吸泵和静脉瓣可增加回流。斯塔林定律将静脉回流与每搏输出量联系在一起。
Tidal volume (TV): air inhaled/exhaled per breath at rest. Minute ventilation (VE) = TV × breathing rate. Increase in exercise mainly due to tidal volume at first, then rate.
潮气量：静息时每次呼吸吸入或呼出的气量。每分通气量 = 潮气量 × 呼吸频率。运动时增加先靠潮气量，后靠呼吸频率。
Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve: shows relationship between oxygen partial pressure and haemoglobin saturation. Shifts right with increased temperature, CO₂, and acidity (Bohr effect) — easier O₂ offloading.
氧合血红蛋白解离曲线：显示氧分压与血红蛋白饱和度之间的关系。温度升高、CO₂ 升高和酸度增加会使曲线右移（波尔效应），便于氧气释放。
5. Skill Acquisition Key Words | 技能习得核心词
Open skill: performed in an unpredictable environment (e.g. a football pass). Closed skill: stable environment, self‑paced (e.g. a free throw).
开放性技能：在不可预测的环境中进行（如足球传球）。封闭性技能：在稳定环境中自定节奏进行（如罚球）。
Gross skill: uses large muscle groups (e.g. shot put). Fine skill: small muscle groups, precision (e.g. dart throw).
粗大技能：运用大肌肉群（如推铅球）。精细技能：运用小肌群，强调精确（如掷飞镖）。
Whole practice: skill taught as a whole (best for continuous, simple skills). Part practice: broken into subroutines (better for serial, complex skills).
整体练习：将技能作为整体教学（适合连续、简单技能）。分解练习：拆分成子程序（适合序列、复杂技能）。
Schema theory (Schmidt): motor programmes are adapted using recall schema (initial conditions, response specifications) and recognition schema (sensory consequences, response outcomes).
图式理论（施密特）：运动程序通过回忆图式（初始条件、反应规格）和再认图式（感觉后果、反应结果）进行调整。
6. Sport Psychology Terminology | 运动心理学术语
Intrinsic motivation: drive from within (enjoyment, mastery). Extrinsic motivation: drive from external rewards (trophies, money). Over‑justification can reduce intrinsic motivation.
内在动机：来自内部的驱动力（乐趣、掌握感）。外在动机：来自外部奖励（奖杯、金钱）。过度合理化可能削弱内在动机。
Self‑efficacy: belief in one’s ability to succeed in a specific situation. Influenced by performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and emotional arousal (Bandura).
自我效能感：相信自己能在特定情境中取得成功。受过往成就、替代经验、言语说服和情绪唤醒影响（班杜拉）。
Attribution theory (Weiner): how performers explain success or failure. Dimensions: locus (internal/external), stability, controllability. Coaches aim to promote internal, controllable attributions.
归因理论（韦纳）：运动员如何解释成功或失败。维度：原因源（内在/外在）、稳定性、可控性。教练应鼓励内在、可控的归因。
Anxiety: state (temporary) vs trait (personality). Cognitive (worry) and somatic (physiological) components. The inverted‑U hypothesis links arousal and performance.
焦虑：状态性（暂时）与特质性（性格）。包含认知成分（担忧）和躯体成分（生理反应）。倒 U 型假说将唤醒水平与表现联系起来。
7. Sport & Society Vocabulary | 体育与社会词汇
Socialisation: process by which individuals learn norms and values through sport. Secondary socialisation happens via teachers, coaches, media.
社会化：个体通过体育运动学习规范与价值观的过程。次级社会化通过教师、教练、媒体等实现。
Social stratification: hierarchical arrangement of social classes influencing access to sport. Social mobility: movement of individuals between strata, often enabled or blocked by sport.
社会分层：社会阶级的层级结构影响体育参与机会。社会流动：个体在社会层级间的移动，体育既可促进也可阻碍这种流动。
Ideology: a set of beliefs that shape the structure of sport, e.g. the belief that professional sport is meritocratic. Hegemony: dominance of one group’s ideology over others.
意识形态：塑造体育结构的一套信念，例如认为职业体育是择优录用的。霸权：某个群体的意识形态对其他群体的统治。
Globalisation of sport: the worldwide spread of sports like football and the Olympic movement, bringing economic benefits, cultural exchange, but also concerns about cultural dilution.
体育全球化：足球和奥林匹克运动等在全球的传播，带来经济效益和文化交流，但也引发文化被稀释的担忧。
8. Sports Injuries & Rehabilitation Terms | 运动损伤与康复术语
Acute injury: sudden occurrence (e.g. fracture, sprain, strain). Chronic injury: develops over time (e.g. tendonitis, stress fracture).
急性损伤：突然发生的损伤（如骨折、扭伤、拉伤）。慢性损伤：随时间逐渐形成的损伤（如肌腱炎、应力性骨折）。
PRICE (Protect, Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation) – immediate injury management protocol for soft‑tissue injuries.
PRICE（保护、休息、冰敷、加压、抬高）—— 软组织损伤的即时处理原则。
DOMS (Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness): muscle pain and stiffness 24‑48 hours after unaccustomed exercise, caused by micro‑tears in muscle fibres.
延迟性肌肉酸痛：不习惯的运动后 24–48 小时出现的肌肉酸痛和僵硬，由肌纤维微细撕裂引起。
Proprioceptive training: exercises to restore joint position sense and stability after injury (e.g. wobble board).
本体感觉训练：恢复伤后关节位置感和稳定性的练习（如平衡板训练）。
9. Technology & Performance Analysis | 科技与表现分析
Notational analysis: recording events during performance (e.g. tallying passes, tackles). Motion analysis: uses video and software to track joint angles, velocities, and distances.
符号分析：记录比赛中的事件（如传球、抢断次数）。动作分析：使用视频和软件追踪关节角度、速度和位移。
Biomechanical feedback: real‑time data (force plates, EMG) helps athletes adjust technique instantly.
生物力学反馈：实时数据（测力台、肌电图）帮助运动员即时调整技术。
GPS tracking: monitors total distance, speed zones, and player load – vital for load management and injury prevention.
GPS 追踪：监测总跑动距离、速度区间和运动员负荷，对负荷管理和伤病预防至关重要。
Hawthorne effect: performers change behaviour because they know they are being observed; researchers must design studies to minimise this.
霍桑效应：运动员因知道被观察而改变行为，研究者必须设计研究以减小这一影响。
10. Memory Hacks & Revision Strategies | 记忆技巧与复习策略
Chunk information by body system: e.g., “CARDIO‑RESP” for heart–lung terms, “NEURO” for motor units and reflexes. Linking terms to images (e.g., muscle spindle as a coiled spring) strengthens recall.
按身体系统组块记忆：例如用“心肺”标签归类心肺术语，用“神经”标签处理运动单位与反射。将术语与图像联系（如把肌梭想象成弹簧）能增强记忆。
Create acronyms for processes: SARA for Schema Theory components (Specifications, Abstract rules, Recall, Adaptation). WARM‑UP for lever classes: first‑class Weight, second‑class Ankle (calf raise), third‑class Running (hip flexion).
为过程创造首字母缩略词：如图式理论用SARA（规格、抽象规则、回忆、适应）。杠杆类型用WARM‑UP：一类为 Weight（头），二类为 Ankle（提踵），三类为 Running（髋屈）。
Use the Feynman technique: explain a term out loud as if to a beginner; gaps in understanding become obvious. Combine verbal, visual, and kinesthetic review.
运用费曼技巧：大声把术语讲给初学者听，理解漏洞就会显现。将口头、视觉和动觉复习方式结合起来。
Practise applying terminology in past paper 6‑mark questions. Contextual use deepens comprehension more than passive re‑reading.
在历年考卷的 6 分题中练习使用术语。实际运用比被动重读更能加深理解。
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