Year 13 CIE French: Core Knowledge Review | A-level CIE 法语核心知识点梳理

📚 Year 13 CIE French: Core Knowledge Review | A-level CIE 法语核心知识点梳理

This guide provides a comprehensive overview of the key knowledge areas required for Year 13 CIE French (9716). Mastering these topics will help you excel in reading, writing, listening and speaking components, and prepare you for the final A-Level examinations. Each section focuses on a crucial grammar point, vocabulary theme, or exam technique, with explanations in both English and Chinese to support bilingual understanding.

本文全面梳理了 Year 13 CIE 法语(9716)所需的核心知识点。掌握这些主题将助你在阅读、写作、听力和口语各部分取得优异成绩,并为 A-Level 最终考试做好充分准备。每个小节聚焦一个关键语法点、词汇主题或考试技巧,以英中双语讲解,强化理解。

1. Le Subjonctif (The Subjunctive) | 虚拟式的掌握

The subjunctive mood is indispensable at Year 13 level, used to express doubt, necessity, emotion, possibility and subjective judgement. It frequently appears in formal writing and oral arguments, especially in phrases introduced by ‘que’. Understanding its triggers and formation is critical for high marks in the writing paper.

虚拟式在 Year 13 阶段不可或缺,用于表达怀疑、必要性、情感、可能性及主观判断。它频繁出现在正式写作和口语论证中,尤其出现在由 ‘que’ 引导的从句里。理解其触发条件和变化规则,对写作部分斩获高分至关重要。

Common triggers include conjunctions like ‘bien que’ (although), ‘pour que’ (so that), ‘avant que’ (before), ‘jusqu’à ce que’ (until) and ‘à condition que’ (provided that). Verbs such as ‘vouloir que’, ‘douter que’, ‘avoir peur que’ and ‘il faut que’ always require the subjunctive in the subordinate clause.

常见触发结构包括连词 ‘bien que’(尽管)、’pour que’(为了)、’avant que’(在……之前)、’jusqu’à ce que’(直到)和 ‘à condition que’(只要)。诸如 ‘vouloir que’、’douter que’、’avoir peur que’ 和 ‘il faut que’ 等动词短语总是要求从句使用虚拟式。

The subjunctive is not automatically triggered by every ‘que’; after verbs of certainty or statement like ‘penser que’ (in the affirmative), ‘croire que’ and ‘il est certain que’, the indicative is used. However, in negative or interrogative forms, these same verbs can trigger the subjunctive: ‘Je ne pense pas qu’il vienne.’

虚拟式并非每次出现 ‘que’ 都会触发;在表示确定或陈述的动词后,如 ‘penser que’(肯定形式)、’croire que’ 和 ‘il est certain que’,使用直陈式。然而,当这些动词变为否定或疑问形式时,却可能触发虚拟式:’Je ne pense pas qu’il vienne.’(我不认为他会来)。

To form the present subjunctive, take the third-person plural present indicative stem, remove ‘-ent’, and add the endings: -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent. Irregular verbs like être (sois, sois, soit, soyons, soyez, soient), avoir (aie, aies, ait, ayons, ayez, aient), faire (fasse), aller (aille), pouvoir (puisse) and savoir (sache) must be memorised.

构成现在时虚拟式需要取直陈式现在时第三人称复数词根,去掉 ‘-ent’,加上词尾:-e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent。不规则动词必须牢记:être (sois, sois, soit, soyons, soyez, soient), avoir (aie, aies, ait, ayons, ayez, aient), faire (fasse), aller (aille), pouvoir (puisse), savoir (sache) 等。

The past subjunctive (‘bien qu’il ait déjà mangé’) is formed with the subjunctive of avoir/être + past participle. Remember agreement rules for past participles with être. This compound form allows you to express anteriority while maintaining the subjunctive mood.

过去虚拟式(如 ‘bien qu’il ait déjà mangé’)由助动词 avoir/être 的虚拟式现在时加上过去分词构成。以 être 作助动词时注意过去分词配合。这一复合时态让你能在保持虚拟语气的同时表达先时性。


2. Le Conditionnel Passé (The Past Conditional) | 条件式过去时

The past conditional (conditionnel passé) is essential for constructing hypothetical sentences about the past, expressing regret, reproach, or unverified information. It is a favourite structure in discursive essays and oral debates to demonstrate advanced grammatical control.

条件式过去时(conditionnel passé)对于构建关于过去的假设句、表达遗憾、责备或未经证实的信息不可或缺。它是议论文和口头辩论中展示高级语法掌控的优选结构。

It is formed with the conditional present of ‘avoir’ or ‘être’ and the past participle of the main verb: ‘j’aurais fait’, ‘elle serait allée’. The choice of auxiliary and past participle agreement follow the usual perfect tense rules. The passive version, ‘cela aurait été fait’, is also valuable.

条件式过去时由助动词 ‘avoir’ 或 ‘être’ 的条件式现在时加上主动词的过去分词构成:’j’aurais fait’(我本会做),’elle serait allée’(她本会去)。助动词的选择和过去分词配合遵循一般完成时规则。被动式 ‘cela aurait été fait’(那本会被完成)同样很有用。

In ‘si’ clauses, the past conditional appears in the main clause when the ‘si’ clause uses the pluperfect: ‘Si j’avais su, je serais venu.’ This combination allows you to speculate about how the past could have been different, a critical skill for discussing topics like historical events or personal decision-making.

在 ‘si’ 从句中,当从句使用愈过去时时,主句用条件式过去时:’Si j’avais su, je serais venu.’(如果我当时知道,我就来了)。这一搭配让你能够推测过去如何可能不同,是讨论历史事件或个人决策等话题的关键技能。

Beyond hypotheticals, the past conditional is used to report unconfirmed news (‘le président aurait démissionné’) or to soften reproaches (‘tu aurais pu le dire’). Using it accurately in the press review or argumentative writing demonstrates a mature command of French.

除假设外,条件式过去时还用于报道未经证实的消息(’le président aurait démissionné’ 据说总统已辞职)或缓和责备语气(’tu aurais pu le dire’ 你本可以说的)。在报刊概述或论证写作中准确使用此结构,能体现法语运用的成熟度。


3. L’accord du participe passé (Past Participle Agreement) | 过去分词的配合

Past participle agreement is a persistent challenge even for advanced learners. A solid grasp of these rules not only improves accuracy in writing but also polishes your oral production, especially in prepared topics where you recount events.

过去分词的配合即使对高水平学习者来说也是一大难点。牢固掌握这些规则不仅能提高写作准确性,还能打磨口语表达,尤其是当你在准备的话题中叙述事件时。

The basic rule: when the auxiliary is ‘être’, the participle agrees in gender and number with the subject: ‘elles sont parties’. This applies to all reflexive verbs as well, though reflexive verbs require extra care when the reflexive pronoun is an indirect object.

基本规则:当助动词为 ‘être’ 时,过去分词与主语在性、数上配合:’elles sont parties’(她们已经离开)。这也适用于所有代动词,但当自反代词为间接宾语时,代动词的配合需格外小心。

With ‘avoir’, the past participle agrees only with a preceding direct object. For instance, ‘les lettres que j’ai écrites’ (the letters that I wrote – ‘que’ = letters, feminine plural) but ‘j’ai écrit des lettres’ (no agreement because object follows). Identifying the direct object and its position is a recurring skill tested in grammar exercises.

当助动词为 ‘avoir’ 时,过去分词只与前置的直接宾语配合。例如:’les lettres que j’ai écrites’(我写的那些信 – ‘que’ 指代信,阴性复数),但 ‘j’ai écrit des lettres’(我写了一些信,直接宾语后置,不配合)。识别直接宾语及其位置是语法练习中反复考查的技能。

Reflexive verbs can confuse: in ‘elles se sont lavées’ (they washed themselves), the reflexive pronoun ‘se’ is a direct object, so agreement; however in ‘elles se sont téléphoné’ (they phoned each other), ‘se’ is indirect, so no agreement. Learning common contexts where the reflexive is direct or indirect is essential.

代动词容易混淆:在 ‘elles se sont lavées’(她们洗澡)中,自反代词 ‘se’ 是直接宾语,故需配合;而在 ‘elles se sont téléphoné’(她们互通电话)中,’se’ 为间接宾语,则无需配合。学习自反代词作直接或间接宾语的常见语境十分必要。


4. Les pronoms relatifs composés (Compound Relative Pronouns) | 复合关系代词

Compound relative pronouns such as ‘lequel’, ‘laquelle’, ‘lesquels’ and ‘lesquelles’ are used to avoid ambiguity and are obligatory after most prepositions. They often replace ‘qui’ or ‘que’ when the antecedent could be unclear, adding precision to your arguments.

复合关系代词如 ‘lequel’、’laquelle’、’lesquels’ 和 ‘lesquelles’ 用于避免歧义,且在大多数介词后需强制使用。当先行词可能不够明确时,它们常替代 ‘qui’ 或 ‘que’,为你的论证增添精确性。

After prepositions like ‘avec’, ‘pour’, ‘sans’, ‘chez’, you generally use the compound form: ‘la personne avec laquelle je travaille’. With ‘à’ and ‘de’, the forms contract: ‘auquel’, ‘à laquelle’, ‘auxquels’, ‘auxquelles’; ‘duquel’, ‘de laquelle’, ‘desquels’, ‘desquelles’.

在 ‘avec’、’pour’、’sans’、’chez’ 等介词后,通常使用复合形式:’la personne avec laquelle je travaille’(和我一起工作的那个人)。与 ‘à’ 和 ‘de’ 连用时,形式会发生缩合:’auquel’、’à laquelle’、’auxquels’、’auxquelles’;’duquel’、’de laquelle’、’desquels’、’desquelles’。

Use ‘duquel’ instead of ‘dont’ when the noun from which you separate is part of a compound structure or follows a prepositional phrase, e.g., ‘le parc à côté duquel se trouve la bibliothèque’. Mastering these distinctions raises the sophistication of your written French and helps tackle the gap-fill exercises in CIE papers.

当被分隔的名词属于复合结构或紧随介词短语时,用 ‘duquel’ 代替 ‘dont’,例如:’le parc à côté duquel se trouve la bibliothèque’(图书馆旁边的那个公园)。掌握这些区别可提升你书面法语的精密度,也有助于应对 CIE 试卷中的完形填空练习。

Compound relatives also allow you to construct complex sentences without resorting to heavy coordination, such as ‘l’étude à laquelle je me réfère’ or ‘les raisons pour lesquelles je soutiens cette idée’. Practice integrating them into your discursive essays to show syntactic range.

复合关系代词还能让你构建复杂长句,而不必依赖冗长的并列结构,例如 ‘l’étude à laquelle je me réfère’(我所参考的那项研究)或 ‘les raisons pour lesquelles je soutiens cette idée’(我支持这一观点的理由)。在议论文中练习融入这些结构,以展示句法广度。


5. Le discours indirect et la concordance des temps (Indirect Speech & Tense Sequencing) | 间接引语及时态配合

Reporting what others have said, or summarising arguments, is a key skill in discursive writing and oral tasks. The shift from direct to indirect speech involves changes in pronouns, possessive adjectives, time references, and most importantly, verb tenses when the reporting verb is in a past tense.

转述他人所言或概括论点,是议论文写作和口语任务中的一项关键技能。从直接引语转为间接引语,涉及代词、主有形容词、时间指示词的变化,尤其当转述动词为过去时态时,动词时态也需作出相应调整。

When the introductory verb is in the past (e.g., ‘il a dit que…’, ‘elle affirmait que…’), the sequence of tenses applies: present → imperfect, future → conditional, future perfect → conditional perfect, past historic/composed → pluperfect. For example, ‘Il a dit : “Je viendrai” ‘ becomes ‘Il a dit qu’il viendrait’.

当引导动词为过去时(如 ‘il a dit que…’、’elle affirmait que…’),时态配合规则如下:现在时 → 未完成过去时,将来时 → 条件式现在时,先将来时 → 条件式过去时,简单过去时/复合过去时 → 愈过去时。例如:’Il a dit : “Je viendrai” ‘ 变为 ‘Il a dit qu’il viendrait’。

If the reporting verb is in the present or future, no tense change is necessary: ‘Elle déclare qu’elle est satisfaite’. However, in Year 13 essays, you often use past-tense narratives, so the correct sequencing is essential to maintain logical consistency and earn grammar marks.

若转述动词为现在时或将来时,则无需改变时态:’Elle déclare qu’elle est satisfaite’(她宣称她满意)。但在 Year 13 作文中,常使用过去时叙事,因此正确的时态配合对保持逻辑一致性和获得语法分数至关重要。

Pay close attention to the transposition of temporal markers: ‘aujourd’hui’ → ‘ce jour-là’, ‘demain’ → ‘le lendemain’, ‘hier’ → ‘la veille’, ‘ce matin’ → ‘ce matin-là’. Questions in indirect speech become ‘si’ for yes-no questions, e.g., ‘Il m’a demandé si j’étais libre.’

密切注意时间标志词的转换:’aujourd’hui’(今天)→ ‘ce jour-là’(那一天),’demain’(明天)→ ‘le lendemain’(次日),’hier’(昨天)→ ‘la veille’(前一天),’ce matin’(今晨)→ ‘ce matin-là’(那天早晨)。间接引语中的一般疑问句用 ‘si’ 引导,如 ‘Il m’a demandé si j’étais libre.’(他问我是否有空。)


6. Les connecteurs logiques pour l’argumentation (Logical Connectors for Argumentative Writing) | 议论文逻辑连接词

High-scoring essays in CIE French are characterised by clear structure and coherent argumentation, largely achieved through a wide range of logical connectors. Using them accurately moves your writing beyond simple lists of points to a persuasive, well-organised discourse.

在 CIE 法语考试中,高分作文的特点在于清晰的结构和连贯的论证,这在很大程度上是通过广泛使用逻辑连接词实现的。准确使用这些连接词,能让你的写作从简单罗列观点跃升为有说服力、组织良好的论述。

To introduce causes and explanations, draw on connectors like ‘car’ (for), ‘puisque’ (since), ‘parce que’ (because), ‘en raison de’ (due to), ‘grâce à’ (thanks to), and ‘à cause de’ (because of). For consequences, use ‘donc’ (therefore), ‘par conséquent’ (consequently), ‘c’est pourquoi’ (that is why), ‘ainsi’ (thus), ‘d’où’ (hence).

引入原因和解释,可运用 ‘car’(因为)、’puisque’(既然)、’parce que’(因为)、’en raison de’(由于)、’grâce à’(多亏)和 ‘à cause de’(由于)等连接词。表示结果,可用 ‘donc’(因此)、’par conséquent’(所以)、’c’est pourquoi’(这就是为什么)、’ainsi’(由此)、’d’où’(从而)。

To concede and counter-argue, employ ‘cependant’ (however), ‘néanmoins’ (nevertheless), ‘pourtant’ (yet), ‘en revanche’ (on the other hand), ‘alors que’ (whereas), ‘tandis que’ (while), and concessive phrases with the subjunctive like ‘bien que’ + subjunctive. This demonstrates the ability to nuance an argument.

表达让步和反驳,可使用 ‘cependant’(然而)、’néanmoins’(尽管如此)、’pourtant’(可是)、’en revanche’(相反)、’alors que’(而)、’tandis que’(而),以及带虚拟式的让步短语,如 ‘bien que’ + 虚拟式。这能展现论述的细腻度。

To structure your points, use ‘tout d’abord’ (first of all), ‘ensuite’ (next), ‘en outre’ (moreover), ‘de plus’ (furthermore), ‘par ailleurs’ (besides), ‘enfin’ (finally). For exemplification, ‘par exemple’ (for example), ‘notamment’ (in particular), ‘c’est le cas de’ (this is the case with). Incorporating these systematically will elevate both the clarity and sophistication of your essay plan.

组织论点时,可用 ‘tout d’abord’(首先)、’ensuite’(接着)、’en outre’(此外)、’de plus’(而且)、’par ailleurs’(另外)、’enfin’(最后)。举例可用 ‘par exemple’(例如)、’notamment’(尤其是)、’c’est le cas de’(……就是一例)。系统融入这些连接词将提升你作文提纲的清晰度和复杂度。


7. Vocabulaire thématique : la société contemporaine (Thematic Vocabulary: Contemporary Society) | 当代社会主题词汇

Year 13 topics revolve around the French-speaking world’s social, political, and cultural issues. Building a robust thematic lexicon enables you to discuss these issues with precision and depth. The CIE syllabus expects you to handle themes such as integration, justice, environment, media, and technology.

Year 13 话题围绕法语国家的社会、政治和文化议题展开。建立扎实的主题词汇库,能让你精准且有深度地讨论这些议题。CIE 教学大纲要求你驾驭诸如社会融入、司法、环境、媒体和科技等主题。

Key nouns and adjectives for immigration and diversity include ‘l’intégration’ (integration), ‘la discrimination’ (discrimination), ‘le racisme’ (racism), ‘la xénophobie’ (xenophobia), ‘les préjugés’ (prejudices), ‘les demandeurs d’asile’ (asylum seekers), ‘la cohésion sociale’ (social cohesion), and ‘inclusif/inclusive’ (inclusive). You should also know phrases like ‘le vivre-ensemble’ (social harmony) and ‘la diversité culturelle’ (cultural diversity).

移民与多样性相关的关键名词和形容词包括 ‘l’intégration’(融入)、’la discrimination’(歧视)、’le racisme’(种族主义)、’la xénophobie’(仇外心理)、’les préjugés’(偏见)、’les demandeurs d’asile’(寻求庇护者)、’la cohésion sociale’(社会凝聚力)和 ‘inclusif/inclusive’(包容的)。还应掌握 ‘le vivre-ensemble’(社会和谐)、’la diversité culturelle’(文化多样性)等短语。

For social issues like unemployment and poverty, learn ‘le taux de chômage’ (unemployment rate), ‘les sans-abri’ or ‘SDF’ (homeless people), ‘la précarité’ (insecurity), ‘les inégalités sociales’ (social inequalities), ‘le SMIC’ (minimum wage), ‘les aides sociales’ (welfare benefits), and ‘la fracture sociale’ (social divide). Accurate vocabulary impresses examiners in both writing and speaking.

在失业与贫困等社会问题上,需学习 ‘le taux de chômage’(失业率)、’les sans-abri’ 或 ‘SDF’(无家可归者)、’la précarité’(不稳定)、’les inégalités sociales’(社会不平等)、’le SMIC’(最低工资)、’les aides sociales’(社会福利)和 ‘la fracture sociale’(社会断层)。准确用词能在写作和口语中令考官印象深刻。

The environment lexicon should cover ‘le réchauffement climatique’ (global warming), ‘l’effet de serre’ (greenhouse effect), ‘la pollution de l’air/de l’eau’ (air/water pollution), ‘les énergies renouvelables’ (renewable energies), ‘le développement durable’ (sustainable development), ‘la déforestation’ (deforestation), ‘le gaspillage’ (waste), and verbs like ‘préserver’ (to preserve) and ‘réduire’ (to reduce).

环境词汇应涵盖 ‘le réchauffement climatique’(气候变暖)、’l’effet de serre’(温室效应)、’la pollution de l’air/de l’eau’(空气/水污染)、’les énergies renouvelables’(可再生能源)、’le développement durable’(可持续发展)、’la déforestation’(森林砍伐)、’le gaspillage’(浪费)及动词 ‘préserver’(保护)、’réduire’(减少)等。

For technology and media, master ‘les réseaux sociaux’ (social networks), ‘les écrans’ (screens), ‘le cyberharcèlement’ (cyberbullying), ‘les fake news’ (fake news), ‘l’intelligence artificielle’ (artificial intelligence), ‘être accro à son portable’ (to be addicted to one’s phone), and ‘le télétravail’ (remote working). Use these actively in your practice essays.

科技与媒体方面,需掌握 ‘les réseaux sociaux’(社交网络)、’les écrans’(屏幕)、’le cyberharcèlement’(网络霸凌)、’les fake news’(假新闻)、’l’intelligence artificielle’(人工智能)、’être accro à son portable’(玩手机上瘾)和 ‘le télétravail’(远程办公)。在练习作文中积极运用这些词汇。


8. Analyse littéraire et cinématographique (Literary and Film Analysis) | 文学与电影分析

If you are preparing for the CIE A-Level French written component (Paper 4) based on a literary text or film, you need a methodical approach to analysis. Examiners look for critical engagement with themes, characters

Published by TutorHao | Year 13 法语 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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