📚 Year 13 OCR Biology: Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 13 OCR 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the dense vocabulary of Year 13 OCR Biology can feel overwhelming. This guide breaks down essential terms from key modules into bite-size explanations and memory tricks, helping you recall them accurately under exam pressure.
掌握 Year 13 OCR 生物中密集的词汇往往会令人望而生畏。本指南将关键模块的核心术语拆解成简洁的解释和记忆窍门，帮助你在考试压力下仍能准确回忆。
1. Photosynthesis Terminology | 光合作用术语
Photophosphorylation – the light-driven production of ATP. Non-cyclic photophosphorylation uses both Photosystem II (PSII) and PSI, produces ATP, NADPH and O₂; cyclic only involves PSI and generates ATP without NADPH.
光磷酸化 – 光驱动的 ATP 生成。非循环光磷酸化利用光系统 II 和 I，产生 ATP、NADPH 和 O₂；循环光磷酸化仅涉及 PSI，只产 ATP 不产 NADPH。
Memory tip: Think of non-cyclic as ‘full-service’ – it gives you ATP, NADPH and oxygen. Cyclic just ‘recycles’ electrons around PSI to boost ATP when NADPH is plentiful.
记忆技巧：把非循环看作“全套服务”——提供 ATP、NADPH 和氧气。循环式则让电子绕着 PSI 打转，在 NADPH 充足时额外合成 ATP。
Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) – the enzyme that fixes CO₂ onto RuBP in the Calvin cycle, but can also fix O₂ in photorespiration, reducing efficiency.
Rubisco（核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶）– 卡尔文循环中将 CO₂ 固定到 RuBP 上的酶，但它也能固定 O₂ 引起光呼吸，从而降低光合效率。
Memory tip: ‘RuBisCO’ sounds like ‘ruby sco’ – imagine a ruby-coloured scoop that picks up carbon dioxide. Its dual nature: when O₂ is high, it becomes ‘RuBisO2’, wastefully grabbing oxygen.
记忆技巧：’RuBisCO’ 的发音像“红宝石勺”——想象一把红色勺子舀起二氧化碳。其双重性格：当 O₂ 浓度高时，它变成“RuBisO2”，浪费地抓取氧气。
GP (glycerate 3-phosphate) and TP (triose phosphate) – the three-carbon intermediates of the Calvin cycle. GP is the product of carbon fixation; TP is formed after reduction by NADPH and ATP, and can be used to regenerate RuBP or synthesise glucose.
GP（甘油酸-3-磷酸）和 TP（磷酸丙糖）– 卡尔文循环中的三碳中间产物。GP 是碳固定的直接产物；TP 由 GP 经 NADPH 和 ATP 还原而成，可用于再生 RuBP 或合成葡萄糖。
Memory tip: Alphabet order – ‘G’ comes before ‘T’, just as GP is formed before TP in the cycle. Think of GP as the ‘raw’ intermediate and TP as the ‘finished’ three-carbon sugar ready for use.
记忆技巧：字母顺序——“G”在“T”前，正如循环中 GP 先于 TP 生成。把 GP 看作“粗加工”中间物，TP 是“成品”三碳糖，可供利用。
2. Respiration Terminology | 呼吸作用术语
Substrate-level phosphorylation – direct synthesis of ATP from ADP and a phosphate group, coupled to a metabolic reaction, occurring in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
底物水平磷酸化 – 在糖酵解和克雷布斯循环中，通过耦联代谢反应直接从 ADP 和磷酸基团合成 ATP 的过程。
Memory tip: It’s ‘substrate-level’ because the phosphate is literally transferred from a substrate molecule to ADP; contrast with oxidative phosphorylation, which relies on the proton gradient.
记忆技巧：称为“底物水平”是因为磷酸确实是从一个底物分子直接转移给 ADP 的；与依赖质子梯度的氧化磷酸化形成对比。
Proton motive force – the electrochemical gradient of protons (H⁺) across the inner mitochondrial membrane, created by the electron transport chain. This force drives ATP synthase to produce ATP (chemiosmosis).
质子动力势 – 电子传递链在线粒体内膜两侧建立的质子（H⁺）电化学梯度。该动力势驱动 ATP 合酶生成 ATP（化学渗透）。
Memory tip: Picture a dam – protons build up in the intermembrane space like water behind a dam. ATP synthase is the turbine that releases energy when protons flow back into the matrix.
记忆技巧：想象一座水坝——质子堆积在膜间隙就像坝后的水。ATP 合酶相当于涡轮机，质子回流基质时释放能量驱动 ATP 合成。
Coenzymes NAD⁺, FAD, coenzyme A – these are small organic molecules that assist enzymes. NAD⁺ and FAD are hydrogen/electron carriers; CoA carries acetyl groups into the Krebs cycle.
辅酶 NAD⁺、FAD、辅酶 A——这些是辅助酶的小分子有机物。NAD⁺ 和 FAD 是氢/电子载体；CoA 将乙酰基带入克雷布斯循环。
Memory tip: NAD⁺ is ‘never abandons electrons’ when reduced to NADH. FAD ‘fetches another delivery’ of hydrogens. CoA sounds like ‘coal car’, shuttling acetyl groups.
记忆技巧：NAD⁺“永不抛弃电子”被还原为 NADH；FAD“再取一次氢”；辅酶 A 发音似“煤车”，专运乙酰基。
3. Homeostasis and Excretion | 稳态与排泄术语
Negative feedback – a control mechanism in which a change from the set point triggers a response that counteracts the initial change, maintaining homeostasis.
负反馈 – 当偏离调定点时，引发一个抵消该变化的反应，从而维持稳态的调控机制。
Memory tip: Like a thermostat – if the room gets too cold, the heater turns on to warm it up; the response (heating) negates the deviation (cold).
记忆技巧：好比恒温器——房间过冷时，暖气启动升温；响应（加热）抵消了偏离（冷）。
Ultrafiltration – the process in the renal (Bowman’s) capsule where high hydrostatic pressure forces small molecules (water, glucose, ions, urea) out of the glomerular blood into the capsular filtrate, leaving behind cells and large proteins.
超滤 – 在肾小囊（鲍曼氏囊）内，高静水压迫使水、葡萄糖、离子、尿素等小分子从肾小球血液进入囊腔形成滤液，血细胞和大型蛋白质则被截留。
Memory tip: ‘Ultra’ = extreme; think of an ultra-fine sieve that only lets tiny particles through. The glomerular capillaries are fenestrated and under high pressure.
记忆技巧：“超”意为极度；想象一个超细筛子，只让小分子通过。肾小球毛细血管有窗孔，且血压极高。
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) – released from the posterior pituitary when blood water potential is low; it increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water, so more water is reabsorbed and urine becomes more concentrated.
ADH（抗利尿激素）– 当血液水势低时由垂体后叶释放，提高集合管对水的通透性，促进水重吸收，使尿液浓缩。
Memory tip: ADH means ‘Anti-Dry-out-Hormone’. The collecting duct gets ‘soaked’ with aquaporins when ADH is present.
记忆技巧：ADH 可记作“防脱水激素”。有 ADH 时，集合管因插入水通道蛋白而“被浸透”。
4. Neuronal and Hormonal Communication | 神经与激素通讯术语
Action potential – the transient reversal of membrane potential in a neurone, caused by rapid influx of Na⁺ (depolarisation) and then efflux of K⁺ (repolarisation). It follows the all-or-nothing principle.
动作电位 – 神经元膜电位的瞬时逆转，由 Na⁺ 快速内流（去极化）和随后 K⁺ 外流（复极化）引起，遵循全或无原则。
Memory tip: Think ‘Na⁺ enters to fire, K⁺ exits to restore’. At threshold, voltage-gated sodium channels open like a floodgate.
记忆技巧：记住“钠进发射，钾出恢复”。到达阈电位时，电压门控钠通道如泄洪闸般开启。
Synaptic transmission – when an action potential reaches the presynaptic knob, Ca²⁺ enters, causing vesicles to fuse and release neurotransmitter into the cleft. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, opening ion channels.
突触传递 – 动作电位抵达突触前末梢时，Ca²⁺ 内流促使突触小泡融合并释放神经递质到突触间隙。递质与突触后膜受体结合，开启离子通道。
Memory tip: Calcium is the ‘trigger for release’. Imagine calcium as a key that unlocks the vesicle dock, allowing the neurotransmitter ship to sail across the synaptic sea.
记忆技巧：钙是“释放的扳机”。把钙想象成打开囊泡码头的钥匙，让载有递质的船只驶过突触之海。
Acetylcholinesterase – the enzyme in the synaptic cleft that hydrolyses acetylcholine into acetate and choline, terminating the signal and preventing continuous stimulation.
乙酰胆碱酯酶 – 突触间隙中水解乙酰胆碱为乙酸和胆碱的酶，终止信号并防止持续刺激。
Memory tip: It ‘cholines the ester’ – breaks down the ester bond in acetylcholine. Think of it as a clean-up crew that resets the synapse.
记忆技巧：它“切断酯键”——分解乙酰胆碱中的酯键。可视为重置突触的清洁队。
5. Muscle Contraction and Plant Responses | 肌肉收缩与植物反应术语
Sliding filament model – muscle contraction occurs when myosin heads bind to actin, form cross-bridges, and pull the actin filaments towards the centre of the sarcomere, shortening it. The process requires Ca²⁺ and ATP.
滑动丝模型 – 肌肉收缩时，肌球蛋白头部与肌动蛋白结合形成横桥，将肌动蛋白丝向肌节中央拉动，使肌节缩短。此过程需要 Ca²⁺ 和 ATP。
Memory tip: Ca²⁺ ‘unblocks’ tropomyosin from actin, exposing binding sites. Think of calcium as the key that releases the brake. ATP is needed to detach myosin heads – like ‘re-cocking’ a spring.
记忆技巧：Ca²⁺ 使原肌球蛋白从肌动蛋白移开，暴露结合位点。钙就像松开刹车的钥匙。ATP 用于分离肌球蛋白头部——类似给弹簧“重新上膛”。
Auxin (IAA) – a plant hormone that promotes cell elongation. In phototropism, auxin accumulates on the shaded side of a shoot, causing those cells to elongate more, bending the shoot towards light.
生长素 (IAA) – 促进细胞伸长的植物激素。在向光性中，生长素在茎的背光侧积累，使该侧细胞伸长更多，导致茎弯向光源。
Memory tip: ‘Auxin avoids the sun’ – it moves away from light. The shaded side gets more auxin, so cells stretch further, pushing the tip towards the light.
记忆技巧：“生长素避开太阳”——它向背光侧移动。背光侧生长素多，细胞拉得更长，将尖端推向光。
Gibberellins – plant hormones that stimulate stem elongation, seed germination (via amylase production) and flowering in long-day plants.
赤霉素 – 刺激茎伸长、种子萌发（通过促进淀粉酶生成）及长日照植物开花的激素。
Memory tip: ‘Gibberellins make seeds gobble’ – they activate starch-digesting amylase, providing energy for germination. Think of ‘gibber’ as a jolly giant that stretches stems.
记忆技巧：’Gibberellins 让种子狼吞虎咽’——它们激活淀粉酶，为萌发提供能量。’gibber’ 像快乐巨人，拉长茎干。
6. Cellular Control and Gene Expression | 细胞控制与基因表达术语
Transcription factors – proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences (promoters/enhancers) to regulate the transcription of genes. Some are activators; others are repressors.
转录因子 – 与特定 DNA 序列（启动子/增强子）结合以调控基因转录的蛋白质。有些是激活子，有些是抑制子。
Memory tip: They are ‘molecular switches’ that tell RNA polymerase whether to transcribe a gene. Think of an activator as a green light, a repressor as a red light.
记忆技巧：它们是告诉 RNA 聚合酶是否转录基因的“分子开关”。激活子好比绿灯，抑制子好比红灯。
Lac operon – in E. coli, a cluster of genes that code for lactose-digesting enzymes. When lactose is present, it binds to the repressor protein, causing it to detach from the operator, thus allowing transcription.
乳糖操纵子 – 大肠杆菌中编码乳糖消化酶的基因簇。有乳糖存在时，乳糖与阻遏蛋白结合，使其脱离操纵基因，从而允许转录。
Memory tip: ‘If lactose, lose the lock’ – lactose removes the repressor. No lactose, the repressor stays attached, blocking RNA polymerase.
记忆技巧：“有乳糖，就开锁”——乳糖移除阻遏蛋白。无乳糖时，阻遏蛋白保持结合，阻碍 RNA 聚合酶。
Epigenetics – heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations to the DNA base sequence. Common mechanisms include DNA methylation (silencing) and histone acetylation (activation).
表观遗传学 – 不改变 DNA 碱基序列，但能遗传的基因表达变化。常见机制包括 DNA 甲基化（沉默）和组蛋白乙酰化（激活）。
Memory tip: ‘Epi-‘ means above or on top of the genome. Methylation ‘mutes’, acetylation ‘activates’ – think of adding acetyl groups as loosening the chromatin spool, making genes accessible.
记忆技巧：’Epi-‘ 意为在基因组之上。甲基化“静音”，乙酰化“激活”——添加乙酰基相当于松开染色质线轴，让基因可被读取。
7. Evolution and Population Genetics | 进化与种群遗传学术语
Natural selection – the greater survival and reproduction of individuals with advantageous alleles, leading to a change in allele frequency over generations. Key conditions: variation, selection pressure, differential fitness, heritability.
自然选择 – 拥有有利等位基因的个体拥有更强的存活和繁殖能力，从而导致世代间等位基因频率的改变。条件：变异、选择压力、适合度差异、可遗传性。
Memory tip: VISTA – Variation, Inheritance, Selection, Time, Adaptation. Organisms with ‘fitter’ traits simply leave more offspring.
记忆技巧：VISTA——变异、遗传、选择、时间、适应。拥有更“适”性状的个体先天上留下更多后代。
Hardy–Weinberg principle – a mathematical model predicting that allele and genotype frequencies remain constant from generation to generation in a large, randomly mating population with no mutations, migration or selection. Equations: p + q = 1, p² + 2pq + q² = 1.
哈代–温伯格原理 – 一个数学模型，预测在一个没有突变、迁移和选择的大且随机交配的群体中，等位基因和基因型频率代代保持恒定。方程：p + q = 1，p² + 2pq + q² = 1。
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
Memory tip: ‘Hardy-Weinberg says equilibrium is hard to keep!’ If any real-world force acts (selection, drift), the equation no longer holds. p² = homozygous dominant, 2pq = heterozygous, q² = homozygous recessive.
记忆技巧：“哈代–温伯格说平衡很难维持！”一旦现实中有选择、漂变等因素作用，方程就不再成立。p² 代表纯合显性，2pq 杂合，q² 纯合隐性。
Genetic drift – random changes in allele frequency, especially in small populations. A form is the founder effect, where a few individuals colonise a new area, carrying only a fraction of the original genetic diversity.
遗传漂变 – 等位基因频率的随机变化，在小种群中尤为显著。奠基者效应是一种形式，少数个体迁至新区，仅携带原有基因库的一部分。
Memory tip: ‘Drift’ implies randomness, like a bottleneck or founder event that randomly ‘loses’ alleles. Imagine a handful of beads picked from a jar – they may not represent all colours.
记忆技巧：“漂变”暗指随机性，好比瓶颈事件或奠基者事件随机“丢失”等位基因。想象从罐中捞
Published by TutorHao | Year 13 Biology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导Cancel reply