Year 13 WJEC Biology: Formula and Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 13 WJEC 生物：公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 13 WJEC Biology: Formula and Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 13 WJEC 生物：公式定理速查手册

This handbook provides a concise compilation of the essential formulae, equations, and key theorems that every Year 13 WJEC Biology student must master. From energetics and genetics to physiology and ecology, these tools are critical for data analysis, problem-solving, and understanding biological principles.

本手册简要汇编了每一位 Year 13 WJEC 生物学学生必须掌握的所有重要公式、方程及关键定理。从能量学、遗传学到生理学和生态学，这些工具对于数据分析、问题解决和理解生物学原理至关重要。

1. Energetics and Respiration | 能量学与呼吸作用

The respiratory quotient (RQ) indicates the substrate being respired: RQ = CO₂ produced / O₂ consumed.

呼吸商 (RQ) 表明被呼吸利用的底物类型：RQ = 产生的 CO₂ / 消耗的 O₂。

Typical RQ values: carbohydrate = 1.0, lipid ≈ 0.7, protein ≈ 0.9.

典型 RQ 值：碳水化合物 = 1.0，脂质 ≈ 0.7，蛋白质 ≈ 0.9。

In aerobic respiration, one molecule of glucose yields a theoretical maximum of approximately 32 ATP molecules.

在有氧呼吸中，一分子葡萄糖理论上最多可产生约 32 个 ATP 分子。

Efficiency of aerobic respiration = (energy captured in ATP / total energy released) × 100%, where total energy released from glucose is often taken as 2870 kJ mol⁻¹.

有氧呼吸效率 = (储存在 ATP 中的能量 / 释放的总能量) × 100%，其中葡萄糖释放的总能量常取 2870 kJ mol⁻¹。

2. Photosynthesis and Productivity | 光合作用与生产力

Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) is the total chemical energy fixed by photosynthesis per unit area per unit time.

总初级生产力 (GPP) 是单位面积、单位时间内光合作用固定的总化学能。

Net Primary Productivity (NPP) = GPP – R (where R is plant respiratory loss).

净初级生产力 (NPP) = GPP – R (其中 R 为植物呼吸消耗)。

Photosynthesis summary equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.

光合作用简式：6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂。

Energy transfer efficiency between trophic levels = (energy available to the next level / energy available to the previous level) × 100%.

营养级之间的能量传递效率 = (可传递给下一级的能量 / 上一级可用的能量) × 100%。

3. Population and Biodiversity | 种群与生物多样性

Lincoln Index (capture-mark-recapture): Population size N = (M × C) / R, where M = number of individuals marked in first sample, C = total number caught in second sample, R = number of marked individuals recaptured.

林肯指数 (标记重捕法): 种群大小 N = (M × C) / R，其中 M 为第一次标记并释放的个体数，C 为第二次总捕获数，R 为第二次捕获中带有标记的个体数。

Simpson’s Index of Diversity (D) = 1 – [Σ n(n–1) / N(N–1)], where n = number of individuals of a particular species, N = total number of individuals of all species. High D indicates high biodiversity.

辛普森多样性指数 D = 1 – [Σ n(n–1) / N(N–1)]，其中 n 为某一物种的个体数，N 为所有物种的个体总数。D 值越高，生物多样性越高。

An alternative simplified version often used: D = 1 – Σ (n/N)².

常用的简化形式：D = 1 – Σ (n/N)²。

4. Microbiology and Growth Kinetics

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