Year 13 WJEC Chemistry: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 13 WJEC 化学：公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 13 WJEC Chemistry: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 13 WJEC 化学：公式定理速查手册

This quick-reference handbook summarises the key formulas, equations, and theorems required for the WJEC Year 13 Chemistry specification. It covers physical, inorganic, and organic chemistry topics, providing a concise revision aid for calculations and conceptual understanding. Each entry is presented with clear notation and brief explanations to support learners in mastering quantitative aspects of the curriculum.

本速查手册概括了WJEC Year 13化学大纲所要求的核心公式、方程式和定理。内容涵盖物理化学、无机化学和有机化学，为计算和概念理解提供简洁的复习辅助。每个条目均以清晰的符号和简要说明呈现，帮助学习者掌握课程中的定量内容。

1. Gas Laws and Mole Calculations | 气体定律与摩尔计算

The ideal gas equation relates pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of substance. pV = nRT, where p is pressure (Pa), V volume (m³), n moles (mol), R gas constant 8.31 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹, and T temperature (K). Standard conditions are 298 K and 100 kPa. Molar volume at RTP: V = n × 24 dm³ mol⁻¹ (at 20 °C, 1 atm). For converting between mass and moles, n = m / M, where M is molar mass (g mol⁻¹). Concentration: c = n / V (solution volume in dm³). These relationships underpin stoichiometry and gas volume calculations.

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