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IGCSE CIE Music: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | IGCSE CIE 音乐：词汇术语速记指南

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📚 IGCSE CIE Music: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | IGCSE CIE 音乐：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the precise Italian, French and German terms in IGCSE Music can feel like learning a new language. This guide breaks down every essential category with pairing, imagery and word-root hacks so you can recall dynamics, tempo, articulation and structure instantly in your listening and written papers.

掌握 IGCSE 音乐中精确的意大利语、法语和德语术语常常像在学一门新语言。这份指南将每一个核心类别用配对、图像和词根技巧拆解，让你在听力与笔试中瞬间调取力度、速度、演奏法和结构术语。

1. Dynamics | 力度术语速记

Dynamics describe the relative loudness or softness of a passage. The most efficient way to memorise them is through the ‘p–f ladder’ and the metaphor of a whisper becoming a shout.

力度描述一段音乐的相对强弱。最有效的记忆法是借助“p–f阶梯”和从耳语到呼喊的比喻。

  • pp (pianissimo) – very soft; think of a ‘piano’ playing as quietly as a feather landing.

    pp (极弱) – 非常轻柔；想象一架“钢琴”弹出羽毛落地的声音。

  • p (piano) – soft; the root ‘pian-‘ means gentle.

    p (弱) – 轻柔；词根“pian-”本就表示柔和。

  • mp (mezzo-piano) – moderately soft; ‘mezzo’ means half, so half-soft.

    mp (中弱) – 适度轻柔；“mezzo”意即一半，half-soft。

  • mf (mezzo-forte) – moderately loud; half-loud, a confident speaking voice.

    mf (中强) – 适度响亮；half-loud，像充满自信的说话声。

  • f (forte) – loud; picture a ‘fort’ – something strong and sturdy.

    f (强) – 响亮；联想“fort”要塞——坚固有力。

  • ff (fortissimo) – very loud; add ‘-issimo’ to make it extreme, like a thunderclap.

    ff (极强) – 非常响亮；加上“-issimo”表极端，如一声惊雷。

  • crescendo (cresc.) – gradually getting louder; visualise a growing wave or a widening ‘hairpin’ symbol.

    crescendo (渐强) – 逐渐增强；想象一道升起的波浪或扩大的“发夹”记号。

  • diminuendo (dim.) / decrescendo – gradually getting softer; think of a dim light fading out.

    diminuendo / decrescendo (渐弱) – 逐渐变弱；联想昏暗光线慢慢熄灭。

  • sforzando (sfz) – a sudden, strong accent on a single note; imagine the ‘forz’ force hitting a wall.

    sforzando (突强) – 单个音符突如其来的重音；想象“forz”的力量撞击墙壁。

  • forte-piano (fp) – loud then immediately soft; like a shout caught in your throat.

    强后即弱 (fp) – 先强后立刻弱；好似一声喊叫被猛然收回。

2. Tempo Marks | 速度标记速记

Tempo tells us the speed of the beat. Most terms relate to moods or physical actions, which gives you a direct memory hook: associate each term with a scene or a walking pace.

速度标记提示节拍的快慢。多数术语与情绪或身体动作有关，这给了你直接记忆挂钩：把每个词与场景或步速联系起来。

  • Grave – very slow and solemn; imagine a ‘grave’ procession moving heavily.

    Grave (庄板) – 极慢且庄严；想象一个沉重的“坟墓”送葬行列。

  • Largo – slow and broad; ‘large’ in sound, expansive like a slow sunrise.

    Largo (广板) – 缓慢而宽广；音响如大型日出般广阔。

  • Adagio – slow and stately; think ‘at ease’ – the music takes its time.

    Adagio (柔板) – 慢而从容；想象“舒适地”慢慢来。

  • Andante – at a walking pace; ‘andare’ means to go or walk.

    Andante (行板) – 步行的速度；“andare”本就是行走。

  • Moderato – moderate speed; literally ‘moderate’.

    Moderato (中板) – 中等速度；字面意思“适度”。

  • Allegro – fast and cheerful; from Latin ‘alacer’ – lively, happy.

    Allegro (快板) – 快速而欢快；源于拉丁语“活泼快乐的”。

  • Vivace – lively and brisk; sounds like ‘vivid’, full of life.

    Vivace (活板) – 轻快活泼；听起来像“vivid”，充满生命力。

  • Presto – very fast; think ‘presto’ like a magician’s ‘presto change-o’ – instantly quick.

    Presto (急板) – 极快；联想魔术师的“presto”瞬间变幻。

  • Prestissimo – as fast as possible; ‘-issimo’ again means ‘extremely’.

    Prestissimo (最急板) – 尽可能快；“-issimo”再次表示极端。

3. Tempo Modifiers & Expression | 速度修饰与表情术语

Beyond basic tempo, exam questions test your knowledge of subtle changes and expressive character. These terms often contain ‘-ndo’ or ‘-oso’ endings that suggest movement or feeling.

除了基本速度，考试往往考查你对微妙变化和音乐表情的理解。这些术语常带有“-ndo”或“-oso”词尾，暗示动作或情感。

  • accelerando (accel.) – gradually getting faster; think of an accelerator pedal.

    accelerando (渐快) – 逐渐加快；联想汽车油门踏板（accelerator）。

  • ritardando (rit.) / rallentando (rall.) – gradually getting slower; both contain ‘rall/rit’ suggesting ‘relaxation’ of speed.

    ritardando / rallentando (渐慢) – 逐渐放慢；词根含“放松”速度之意。

  • rubato – robbed time; rhythmic flexibility where the performer ‘steals’ time from some notes to give to others.

    rubato (弹性速度) – 被偷走的时间；演奏者从某些音符“偷取”时长补给其他音符。

  • a tempo – return to the original tempo after a deviation.

    a tempo (回原速) – 变化后回到原来速度。

  • cantabile – in a singing style; ‘cantare’ means to sing.

    cantabile (如歌的) – 如歌唱般；“cantare”即歌唱。

  • dolce – sweetly; tastes like ‘dolce’ – sweet Italian dessert.

    dolce (甜美的) – 甜美地；像意大利甜点。

  • espressivo (espress.) – expressively; pour emotion into every note.

    espressivo (有表情地) – 充满表现力；把情感注入每个音符。

  • grave – slow and solemn; also a character term meaning heavy and serious.

    grave (沉重庄重地) – 也可表情绪沉重而庄重。

  • maestoso – majestic; ‘maestro’ gives you the sense of grandeur.

    maestoso (庄严地) – 宏伟尊贵；联想到“大师”（maestro）的气场。

4. Articulation | 演奏法速记

Articulation dictates how individual notes are attacked and shaped. Create physical gestures for each term – tapping for staccato, smoothing for legato – and you will never confuse them.

演奏法决定每个音符如何起奏和塑形。为每个术语设计身体手势——断奏轻点、连奏顺滑——你就再也不会混淆。

  • legato – smooth and connected; notes flow like a ‘ligature’ tying them together.

    legato (连奏) – 平滑连贯；音符如同被丝线系在一起。

  • staccato (stacc.) – short and detached; imagine poking dots, the opposite of legato.

    staccato (断奏) – 短促分离；想象用笔戳小点，与连奏相反。

  • tenuto (ten.) – held for full value, sometimes slightly stressed; ‘tenere’ means to hold.

    tenuto (保持) – 奏足时值，有时略微强调；“tenere”意指握住。

  • accent (>) – attack the note with extra force; like a quick stab.

    重音 (>) – 以额外力度起奏；像一次快速刺入。

  • marcato (marc.) – marked, accented with a slightly detached, heavier attack; think ‘mark’ it strongly.

    marcato (突出地) – 着重且略分离的强奏；当作“标记”出来。

  • pizzicato (pizz.) – pluck the string with fingers instead of using the bow; a ‘pizza’ is pinched dough, here you pinch the string.

    pizzicato (拨奏) – 用手指拨弦而非弓拉；想象捏起一片披萨那样捏拨琴弦。

  • arco – with the bow (for string players); returns after a pizzicato passage.

    arco (用弓拉奏) – 用弓演奏；常见于拨奏段落后。

  • tremolo – rapid repetition of a single note or chord; the trembling effect.

    tremolo (震音) – 快速重复一个音或和弦；颤动的效果。

5. Structure & Form | 曲式结构术语

Understanding form helps you map out compositions. Memorise common structures through their letter patterns and visual shapes, such as a sandwich or an arch.

理解曲式帮你在作品中导航。通过字母模式和视觉形状——比如三明治或拱门——来记住常见结构。

  • Binary form (AB) – two contrasting sections, each often repeated; like a question and answer.

    二段体 (AB) – 两个对比乐段，常各自反复；如同提问与回答。

  • Ternary form (ABA) – a section A, contrasting B, then return of A; a musical sandwich.

    三段体 (ABA) – A段、对比的B段，然后返回A段；像音乐三明治。

  • Rondo form (ABACA) – a recurring main theme (A) alternating with contrasting episodes; think of a ’round’ that keeps coming back.

    回旋曲式 (ABACA) – 反复出现的主题A与插部交替；像不断绕回来的“圆”。

  • Theme and variations – a melody stated and then altered in rhythm, harmony, texture, etc.; the theme is ‘variegated’ like a colour palette.

    主题与变奏 – 旋律主题呈现后在节奏、和声、织体等方面变形；主题如调色盘“变化万千”。

  • Sonata form – exposition, development, recapitulation; tells a large-scale story with two subjects, conflict and resolution.

    奏鸣曲式 – 呈示部、展开部、再现部；用两个主题演绎冲突与解决的大故事。

  • Strophic form – same music repeated for each verse of a song; ‘strophe’ means stanza.

    分节歌形式 – 每段歌词重复相同音乐；“strophe”即诗节。

  • Through-composed – music continuously unfolds without repeated sections; follows a narrative, not a map.

    通谱体 – 音乐不断展开而无反复段落；跟随叙述，不经地图。

6. Texture | 织体术语速记

Texture describes how many layers of sound are woven together and their relationship. Visualise a single thread, a thick cable or a braided rope for each type.

织体描述声音层次如何交织及其关系。用单股线、粗电缆或编绳来想象每一种类型。

  • Monophonic – a single melodic line with no accompaniment; ‘mono’ = one, ‘phonic’ = sound. Think of one voice alone.

    单声织体 – 单一旋律线条，无伴奏；“mono”表一，“phonic”表声音。想象孤身一人歌唱。

  • Homophonic – melody plus chordal accompaniment moving together; ‘homo’ = same – all parts share the same rhythm.

    主调织体 – 旋律加和弦伴奏共同移动；“homo”表示相同，所有声部共享节奏。

  • Polyphonic / contrapuntal – two or more independent melodies interwoven; ‘poly’ = many. Picture several independent voices conversing.

    复调织体 – 两个或以上独立旋律交织；“poly”表多。想象多个独立声部对谈。

  • Heterophonic – simultaneous variations of a single melody, often in non-Western traditions; ‘hetero’ = different, but the same tune.

    支声织体 – 同一旋律的同时变体，常见于非西方传统；“hetero”表不同，却同曲异奏。

  • Unison – all voices or instruments sounding the same pitch together; literally ‘one sound’.

    齐奏/齐唱 – 所有人声或乐器同度发声；字面意思“一个声音”。

  • Melody and accompaniment – a sub-type of homophony where a clear tune sits above a supportive background; the most recognisable texture in pop and Classical music.

    旋律加伴奏 – 主调织体的子类，清晰的旋律在支撑背景之上；流行与古典音乐中最易辨识的织体。

7. Melody & Harmony | 旋律与和声术语

These terms describe how pitches move and how chords relate. Group them into pairs of opposites: conjunct/disjunct, consonant/dissonant – this contrast technique halves your memorisation time.

这些术语描述音高如何移动及和弦如何关联。把它们分成反义词对：级进/跳进、协和/不协和——这种对比法将记忆减半。

  • Conjunct – melody moves by step (adjacent scale notes); think ‘conjunction’ – connecting neighbouring pitches.

    级进 – 旋律按音阶相邻音移动；联想“连接”相邻音。

  • Disjunct – melody moves by leaps; ‘dis-‘ means apart.

    跳进 – 旋律跳跃进行；“dis-”表示分离。

  • Chromatic – using notes outside the key; ‘chroma’ means colour, adding colourful accidentals.

    半音阶/半音化 – 使用调外音；“chroma”意为颜色，添加色彩化的临时记号。

  • Diatonic – notes belonging to the key; ‘dia’ means through – staying within the scale.

    自然音阶/全音 – 属于调内的音；“dia”指通过——保持在音阶内。

  • Consonant – intervals or chords that sound stable and pleasant; think ‘consensus’ – agreement.

    协和音程/和弦 – 听起来稳定愉悦的音程或和弦；如同达成“共识”。

  • Dissonant – intervals or chords that create tension, needing resolution; ‘dis-‘ suggests disagreement.

    不协和音程/和弦 – 制造紧张感、需解决的和声；像意见分歧。

  • Perfect cadence (V–I) – sounds finished, like a full stop.

    完全终止 (V–I) – 听起来结束，像句号。

  • Plagal cadence (IV–I) – the ‘Amen’ cadence; think of a church benediction.

    变格终止 (IV–I) – “阿门”终止；联想起教堂祝福。

  • Imperfect cadence (I, ii, IV–V) – ends on V, sounds incomplete; imagine a comma.

    不完全终止 (至V) – 停在属和弦，听似未完；像逗号。

  • Interrupted cadence (V–vi) – a surprise; V goes to vi instead of I, like a plot twist.

    阻碍终止 (V–vi) – 意外的进行；V进行到vi而非I，如同情节反转。

  • Modulation – change of key; a ‘modular’ shift to another tonal centre.

    转调 – 调性转换；“modular”意味着移动到另一调性中心。

  • Pedal (or drone) – a sustained or repeated note, usually in the bass, over which harmonies change; like a steady foot pressing a pedal.

    持续音 (踏板音) – 一个长音或重复音，常在低音部，上方和声变换；像脚踩住踏板。

8. Instrumentation & Timbre | 器乐与音色术语

CIE asks you to identify instruments and playing techniques. Build mental families: strings, woodwinds, brass, percussion, and link Italian directions to specific physical actions on the instrument.

CIE 要求你辨识乐器与演奏技法。建立脑内家族：弦乐、木管、铜管、打击乐，并将意大利语指示与乐器上的具体动作对应。

  • tutti – all players together; ‘tutti’ means all in Italian, like a tutti-frutti mix.

    tutti (全奏) – 所有演奏者一起；“tutti”在意大利语中即全体，像水果拼盘。

  • solo – a single player or section featured; alone.

    solo (独奏) – 单一演奏者或声部被突出；独自一人。

  • pizzicato – plucked strings; we covered this in articulation – think pinching pizza.

    pizzicato (拨奏) – 弹拨琴弦；已在演奏法提及——想象捏披萨。

  • arco – with the bow; return to bowing after plucking.

    arco (弓奏) – 用弓拉奏。

  • con sordino – with mute; ‘sordino’ muffles the sound, like a silent secret.

    con sordino (加弱音器) – 使用弱音器；如捂住耳朵般柔化声音。

  • senza sordino – without mute; take off the muffle.

    senza sordino (取下弱音器) – 去掉弱音器。

  • sul ponticello – bow near the bridge, producing a glassy, eerie sound; ‘ponticello’ is the bridge.

    sul ponticello (近桥奏) – 弓靠近琴码，产生玻璃般冷澈音色。

  • sul tasto – bow over the fingerboard, giving a soft, flutey tone.

    sul tasto (近指板奏) – 弓在指板之上，发出柔和长笛般的音色。

  • tremolo – rapid bowing or striking for a shivering effect.

    tremolo (震音) – 快速运弓或敲击产生颤抖效果。

  • divisi (div.) – a string section splits into two or more parts; ‘divide’ the section.

    divisi (分部) – 弦乐组分为两个或多个声部；把声部分开。

9. Ornaments & Notation | 装饰音与记谱速记

Ornaments are extra flourishes indicated by squiggly symbols. Connect each sign to its shape: a wavy line means a trill, a curled ‘S’ means a turn.

装饰音是用蜿蜒符号表示的额外花音。将每个记号与形状关联：波浪线代表颤音，卷曲的“S”代表回音。

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