IGCSE Edexcel Music: Quick Glossaries & Terminology Guide | IGCSE Edexcel 音乐：词汇术语速记指南

📚 IGCSE Edexcel Music: Quick Glossaries & Terminology Guide | IGCSE Edexcel 音乐：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering musical terminology is the first step towards confident listening, composing, and performing in IGCSE Edexcel Music. This guide brings together all the essential terms you need, organised by musical element, and turns them into memorable patterns, logical groupings, and clear comparisons. Whether you’re revising for the written exam or training your ear for unfamiliar listening, a solid command of this vocabulary will help you describe music precisely, spot features quickly, and write about them with clarity. Think of this article as your personal glossary trainer, designed to reduce confusion and speed up recall through association and structure.

掌握音乐术语是 IGCSE Edexcel 音乐课程中自信聆听、作曲与演奏的第一步。本指南按照音乐元素分类，汇集你必须掌握的所有核心词汇，并通过易记的模式、逻辑分组和清晰的对比，帮助你将术语记得更牢。不论你是在为笔试复习，还是在为陌生的听力片段训练耳朵，对这些术语的牢固掌握都能让你准确描述音乐、迅速识别特征并清晰地进行书面分析。可以把本文看成你的私人词汇教练，它通过联想和体系化设计，帮助你减少混淆、加快回忆速度。

1. Tempo | 速度

Tempo marks are usually given in Italian and refer to the speed of the beat. The most common range runs from very slow (grave, largo) through moderate (andante, moderato) to very fast (allegro, vivace, presto). Remember that allegro means ‘cheerful’, not just ‘fast’, which explains why it often feels bright and lively. The word andante literally means ‘walking’, a useful image for a steady, unhurried pace. When the tempo changes, you may see accelerando (getting faster) or ritardando/rallentando (getting slower). A return to the original speed is marked a tempo. In the Edexcel exam, you are often asked to give an Italian term for the tempo: start by asking yourself whether the music feels slow, medium, or fast, and then select the most precise word from your list.

速度标记通常用意大利语，指的是拍子的速率。最常见的范围从极慢板（Grave, Largo）经中速（Andante, Moderato）到极快板（Allegro, Vivace, Presto）。记住 Allegro 原意是“愉快的”，而不只是“快”，这解释了为什么快板往往听起来明亮、有生气。Andante 字面意思是“行走的”，这个画面有助于记忆它稳定而不匆忙的步速。当速度发生变化时，你可能会看到 Accelerando（渐快）或 Ritardando/Rallentando（渐慢）。回到原速则标记为 a tempo。在 Edexcel 考试中，常要求你用意大利语说出速度术语：先判断音乐听上去是慢、中还是快，然后从你的词汇表中选出最精确的那个词。

2. Dynamics | 力度

Dynamics describe the volume of the music and how it changes. The core Italian terms form a relatively small set: pianissimo (pp) is very soft, piano (p) soft, mezzo piano (mp) moderately soft, mezzo forte (mf) moderately loud, forte (f) loud, and fortissimo (ff) very loud. Gradual changes include crescendo (cresc., gradually getting louder) and diminuendo (dim.) or decrescendo (gradually getting softer). Sudden loudness is sforzando (sfz), a strong accent on a single note or chord. An easy way to memorise the order is to think of the letter ‘p’ as small/piano, and ‘f’ as large/forte. Add more letters for extremes: pp very small, ff very large. In exam descriptions, never just say ‘loud’ or ‘soft’; use the Italian term and the symbol abbreviation.

力度描述的是音乐的音量及其变化。核心的意大利语术语构成一个相对集中的集合：pianissimo (pp) 极弱，piano (p) 弱，mezzo piano (mp) 中弱，mezzo forte (mf) 中强，forte (f) 强，fortissimo (ff) 极强。渐变包括 crescendo（cresc.，渐强）和 diminuendo（dim.）或 decrescendo（渐弱）。突强叫作 sforzando（sfz），是施加在单个音或和弦上的强烈重音。记忆顺序的一个简便方法是把字母 p 想成“小/弱”，f 想成“大/强”。极端情况多加字母：pp 极小，ff 极大。在考试描述中，永远不要只说“大声”或“小声”，要使用意大利术语和缩写符号。

3. Tonality | 调性

Tonality describes the key or modal centre of the music. The most basic distinction is between major (bright, happy) and minor (sad, darker). However, Edexcel also expects you to recognise modal scales such as Dorian or Aeolian, pentatonic scales (five-note scale often used in folk and world music), chromatic movement (moving in semitones), and atonal music (no clear key). When you hear a key change, refer to it as a modulation, and mention the relationship: to the dominant (5th note of the scale), relative minor/major, or subdominant. Use the terms diatonic (notes belonging to the key) and chromatic (notes outside the key) when describing melody or harmony. A useful revision trick is to practise singing a major scale and then its natural minor to internalise the difference in sound.

调性描述的是音乐的主调或调式中心。最基本的区分是大调（明亮、欢快）和小调（忧伤、暗淡）。不过，Edexcel 也要求你识别调式音阶，如多利亚调式或爱奥利亚调式，五声音阶（常见于民间音乐和世界音乐的五音音阶），半音化进行（按半音移动），以及无调性音乐（没有明确的调）。当你听到调性转换时，称之为 转调，并提及调性关系：转到属调（音阶第5级）、关系小调/大调或下属调。在描述旋律或和声时，使用 自然音的（属于该调的音）和 半音的（调外音）。一个有用的复习技巧是，练习唱出一个大调音阶再唱它的自然小调，以彻底内化声音上的差异。

4. Texture | 织体

Texture refers to how the musical layers are combined. The main types are monophonic (a single melodic line alone), homophonic (melody with chordal accompaniment, often moving in the same rhythm), polyphonic/contrapuntal (two or more independent melodic lines woven together), and heterophonic (simultaneous variations of the same melody, common in world music). You may also need to describe melody and accompaniment texture, unison (all parts on the same notes), or octaves. Terms like dense, thin, thick, and light are useful adjectives. A quick shortcut: if you hear only one tune and nothing else, it’s monophonic; a melody plus chords is homophonic; and interweaving tunes are polyphonic. In the exam, always name the texture precisely.

织体指的是音乐中的各个层次如何组合。主要类型有 单声部织体（仅一条旋律线）、主调织体（旋律加和弦伴奏，通常在相同节奏上移动）、复调织体/对位化织体（两条或多条独立旋律线交织在一起），以及 异音织体（同一旋律的同时变奏，常见于世界音乐）。你可能还需要描述 旋律与伴奏 织体、齐奏（所有声部演奏相同音）或 八度 织体。密集、稀薄、厚重 和 轻盈 等词语是很有用的形容词。一个快速判断的方法：如果只听出一条旋律而没有别的，就是单声部织体；旋律加和弦是主调织体；几条旋律交织则是复调织体。考试中务必准确地称呼织体类型。

5. Structure and Form | 结构与曲式

Recognising structure helps you track how musical material is organised. Common forms in IGCSE set works and unfamiliar listening include binary (AB), ternary (ABA), rondo (ABACA), theme and variations, strophic (same music for each verse), through-composed (new music throughout, no large repetitions), and sonata form. You should also know terms for sections: introduction, verse, chorus, bridge, middle 8, coda (ending section), and cadenza (a virtuosic solo passage, often near the end of a movement). When answering questions, refer to the structure by letter pattern or section name, and note any contrast in key, texture, or dynamics. Think of structure as the map of the piece: once you find the main signposts, the details fall into place more easily.

识别结构能帮助你追踪乐曲材料是如何组织的。IGCSE 规定作品与陌生听力中常见的曲式包括 二段体（AB）、三段体（ABA）、回旋曲式（ABACA）、主题与变奏、分节歌形式（每段歌词使用相同音乐）、通谱体（全曲不断出现新音乐，没有大规模重复），以及 奏鸣曲式。你还应该了解段落术语：引子、主歌、副歌、桥段、中八小节、尾声（结束段落）和 华彩乐段（通常在乐章末尾出现的炫技独奏段落）。答题时，用字母模式或段落名称来指代结构，并指出调性、织体或力度上的对比。把结构想像成整首乐曲的地图：一旦找到主要的路标，细节就会更容易就位。

6. Melody | 旋律

Melodic description relies on shape, range, and motion. Key terms include conjunct (stepwise movement), disjunct (leaps), scalic (moving like a scale), arpeggio (notes of a chord played one after another), sequence (a melodic pattern repeated at a higher or lower pitch), ostinato (a persistent repeating pattern), and riff (a short, repeated melodic or rhythmic phrase, common in pop and jazz). You may also need to describe ornamentation: trill (rapid alternation between two adjacent notes), mordent (single alternation), turn (four-note figure around the main note), and acciaccatura (crushed note, played very quickly before the main note). The phrase structure is also important: listen for question and answer phrasing and regular or irregular phrase lengths. When describing a melody, start by tracing its overall contour (ascending, descending, arch-shaped) and then add detail.

旋律描述依赖其形态、音域和运动方式。关键术语包括 级进（逐级移动）、跳进（跳跃）、音阶式（像音阶一样移动）、琶音（和弦音先后奏出）、模进（一个旋律型在高或低处重复）、固定音型（持续重复的型态），以及 连复段（短小且重复的旋律或节奏型，常见于流行和爵士乐）。你可能还需要描述 装饰音：颤音（两个相邻音符快速交替）、波音（单次交替）、回音（围绕主音的四个音符音型）和 短倚音（挤压音，在主音之前极快奏出）。乐句结构也很重要：留意 问答式 乐句和规整或不规整的 乐句长度。描述旋律时，可先从整体轮廓（上行、下行、拱形）入手，再添加细节。

7. Harmony | 和声

Harmony deals with chords and how they progress. The most fundamental cadences are perfect (V–I, sounds complete), imperfect (I–V or IV–V, feels unfinished), plagal (IV–I, the ‘Amen’ cadence), and interrupted (V–vi, a surprise). You should recognise diatonic harmony (chords built from the scale notes) and chromatic harmony (using notes outside the key). Other terms: tonic (I, home chord), dominant (V, creates tension), subdominant (IV), primary triads (I, IV, V), dissonance (clashing sounds that need resolution), consonance (pleasant, stable combinations), and pedal (a sustained or repeated note, usually in the bass, over which harmonies change — think ‘pedal note’). In a score or listening, a pedal can be identified by a long-held or repeated note beneath changing chords.

和声处理的是和弦及其进行方式。最基本的终止式有 正格终止（V–I，听感完整）、半终止（I–V 或 IV–V，感觉未结束）、变格终止（IV–I，“阿门”终止）和 阻碍终止（V–vi，出乎意料）。你应能识别 自然音和声（用音阶内音符构建的和弦）和 半音化和声（使用调外音）。其他术语：主和弦（I，归属和弦）、属和弦（V，制造紧张）、下属和弦（IV）、主要三和弦（I, IV, V）、不协和（需要解决的不和谐音响）、协和（悦耳、稳定的组合），以及 持续音（一个保持或重复的音，通常在低音部，其上方和声不断变化——即“持续音”）。在乐谱或听力中，持续音可通过下方变化和弦时一个长保持或重复的音来识别。

8. Rhythm, Metre and Tempo Changes | 节奏、拍子与速度变化

Rhythm covers the patterns of long and short notes, silence, and the underlying pulse. The metre tells you how beats are grouped: duple (2 beats per bar), triple (3), quadruple (4), or irregular metres like 5/4 or 7/8. Terms include syncopation (shifting the accent to a weak beat or between beats), dotted rhythm (long-short patterns), triplets (three notes in the time of two), rubato (flexible tempo for expressive effect), and pause or fermata (a held note or rest, longer than usual). When describing tempo changes, you already have accelerando, ritardando, and a tempo — these sit under rhythm because they affect the pulse. A quick way to embed metre: listen to the natural stress pattern; if you feel a strong-weak pattern, it is likely duple; strong-weak-weak suggests triple.

节奏涵盖长音与短音的型态、休止以及底层的拍点。拍子告诉你拍子如何分组：二拍子（每小节2拍）、三拍子（3拍）、四拍子（4拍），或不规则节拍如 5/4 或 7/8。术语包括 切分音（重音移至弱拍或拍点之间）、附点节奏（长-短音型）、三连音（两拍的时间内演奏三个音）、自由速度（为表情而灵活处理的速度），以及 延长记号（一个被保持的音或休止，比通常更长）。描述速度变化时，你已经学过 渐快、渐慢 和 回原速——它们放在节奏一节，因为它们影响拍子。一个快速内化拍子的方法：聆听自然的重音型态；如果你感到强-弱的模式，那很可能是二拍子；强-弱-弱则暗示三拍子。

9. Instrumentation and Timbre | 乐器法与音色

Instrumentation refers to the instruments and voices used, while timbre is the tone quality or character of a sound. Edexcel expects you to identify common orchestral instruments by family (strings, woodwind, brass, percussion), as well as keyboard instruments (piano, harpsichord, organ), guitars, and world instruments such as sitar, djembe, or steel pan. Vocal types include soprano, alto, tenor, bass, and descriptors like falsetto. Playing techniques also form part of this category: pizzicato (plucked strings), arco (bowed), tremolo (rapid repetition of a note or alternation between two notes), vibrato (slight pitch fluctuation for warmth), muted (using a mute for a softer, thinner sound), and col legno (striking the string with the wood of the bow). In listening questions, always name the instrument and, if relevant, the specific technique you hear.

乐器法指所使用的乐器和人声，而音色则是音质或声音的特性。Edexcel 要求你按家族（弦乐、木管、铜管、打击乐）识别常见的管弦乐器，还有键盘乐器（钢琴、羽管键琴、管风琴）、吉他，以及世界乐器如西塔琴、非洲手鼓或钢鼓。人声类型包括 女高音、女低音、男高音、男低音，以及 假声 等描述词。演奏技巧也属于这一范畴：拨奏（用手指拨弦）、拉奏Published by TutorHao | IGCSE 音乐 Revision Series | aleveler.com

更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）