IGCSE Edexcel Psychology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorization Guide | IGCSE Edexcel 心理学：词汇术语速记指南

📚 IGCSE Edexcel Psychology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorization Guide | IGCSE Edexcel 心理学：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering key terminology is half the battle in IGCSE Edexcel Psychology. This guide distils essential terms from every topic into bite-sized definitions and memory hooks. Each section presents a concise English explanation immediately followed by its Chinese counterpart, reinforcing dual-language retrieval for exam success. Use the quick-reference tables to drill terms daily.

掌握关键术语是 IGCSE Edexcel 心理学考试成功的一半。本指南将每个主题的核心术语浓缩为易于记忆的定义和记忆要点。每个部分都先提供简洁的英文解释，紧接着给出中文对应，强化双语检索，助力考试成功。利用速查表格每天强化术语练习。

1. Research Methods & Key Concepts | 研究方法与核心概念

Research methods terms form the backbone of every exam paper. Knowing how to operationalise variables and design a reliable study is essential. Use the acronym ‘IV DV CV’ to recall Independent, Dependent and Controlled Variables, and remember that a hypothesis must be testable.

研究方法的术语是每份试卷的主干。懂得如何操行变量并设计一项可靠的研究至关重要。使用首字母缩略词 ‘IV DV CV’ 来记忆自变量、因变量和控制变量，并记住假设必须是可以检验的。

Independent Variable (IV) – The variable manipulated by the researcher to see its effect.	自变量 – 研究者为观察其效应而操纵的变量。
Dependent Variable (DV) – The variable measured; it changes because of the IV.	因变量 – 被测量的变量，因自变量的变化而改变。
Extraneous Variable – Any variable other than the IV that could affect the DV if not controlled.	额外变量 – 除自变量外，若不加以控制就可能影响因变量的任何变量。
Hypothesis – A precise, testable prediction about the expected outcome of a study.	假设 – 关于研究预期结果的精确、可检验的预测。
Null Hypothesis – States that there will be no difference or relationship between variables.	零假设 – 声称变量之间不会有差异或关系的陈述。
Operationalisation – Clearly defining variables so they can be measured or manipulated.	操作性定义 – 清晰界定变量，使其能够被测量或操纵。
Standardisation – Keeping methods and procedures identical for all participants.	标准化 – 对所有参与者保持方法和程序一致。
Reliability – The consistency of a measurement; whether it can be replicated.	信度 – 测量的一致性；能否被重复验证。
Validity – Whether a test measures what it claims to measure.	效度 – 测试是否测量了它声称要测量的东西。
Random Sampling – Every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected.	随机抽样 – 目标总体中每个成员被选中的概率相等。

2. Developmental Psychology | 发展心理学

Piaget’s stage theory dominates this topic. Picture a child ‘assimilating’ a new dog as ‘furry four-legs’, then ‘accommodating’ when they see a cat. Use the mnemonic ‘SAME COF’ (Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, Formal operational) to sequence the stages.

皮亚杰的阶段理论主导了这个主题。想象一个孩子将一只新狗“同化”为’毛茸茸的四条腿’，然后在看到猫时进行“顺应”。用助记符 ‘SAME COF’（感觉运动、前运算、具体运算、形式运算）来记忆阶段顺序。

Schema – A mental framework or building block of knowledge.	图式 – 心理框架或知识模块。
Assimilation – Fitting new information into an existing schema.	同化 – 将新信息纳入已有图式。
Accommodation – Changing an existing schema to fit new information.	顺应 – 改变已有图式以适应新信息。
Object Permanence – Knowing an object still exists even when out of sight (sensorimotor stage).	客体永久性 – 知道物体即使看不见也仍然存在（感觉运动阶段）。
Egocentrism – Inability to see things from another’s point of view (preoperational stage).	自我中心 – 无法从他人角度看问题（前运算阶段）。
Conservation – Understanding that quantity stays the same despite changes in appearance (concrete operational).	守恒 – 明白数量不因外观改变而改变（具体运算阶段）。
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) – Vygotsky’s concept: what a learner can do with help but not alone.	最近发展区 (ZPD) – 维果茨基的概念：学习者在帮助下能完成但无法独立完成的事。
Scaffolding – Support given by a more knowledgeable other to help a child learn within the ZPD.	支架 – 知识更丰富者为帮助儿童在最近发展区内学习而提供的支持。

3. Memory | 记忆

Memory models can be remembered with ‘MSM’ (Multi-Store Model) and ‘WMM’ (Working Memory Model). Think of sensory register as a fleeting snapshot, STM as a sticky note with limited space, and LTM as a vast library. The phrase ‘Please Can Simon Eat Grapes’ reminds you of the WMM components: Phonological loop, Central executive, Visuospatial sketchpad, Episodic buffer.

记忆模型可以通过 ‘MSM’（多储存模型）和 ‘WMM’（工作记忆模型）来记忆。把感觉登记想象成瞬间快照，短时记忆就像是容量有限的便笺纸，长时记忆则像是巨大的图书馆。短语 ‘Please Can Simon Eat Grapes’ 帮你记住工作记忆模型的组成：语音环路、中央执行器、视觉空间画板、情景缓冲区。

Encoding – Changing sensory input into a form that can be stored.	编码 – 将感觉输入转换为可储存的形式。
Storage – Holding information in the memory system over time.	储存 – 随时间在记忆系统中保留信息。
Retrieval – Accessing stored information when needed.	提取 – 在需要时取出储存的信息。
Short-Term Memory (STM) – Limited capacity (7 +/- 2 items) and duration (approx. 18–30 seconds).	短时记忆 (STM) – 容量有限（7±2个项目），持续时间短（约18–30秒）。
Long-Term Memory (LTM) – Potentially unlimited capacity and lifetime duration.	长时记忆 (LTM) – 容量潜无限，可持续一生。
Multi-Store Model (Atkinson & Shiffrin) – Info flows from sensory register ➔ STM ➔ LTM via rehearsal.	多储存模型（阿特金森和谢夫林） – 信息通过复述从感觉登记流向短时记忆再到长时记忆。
Working Memory Model (Baddeley & Hitch) – STM is an active processor with a central executive and slave systems.	工作记忆模型（巴德利和希奇） – 短时记忆是主动处理器，含有中央执行器和从属系统。
Central Executive – The boss of the working memory; directs attention and coordinates slave systems.	中央执行器 – 工作记忆的’老板’，指挥注意力并协调从属系统。
Phonological Loop – Deals with auditory information; subdivided into the phonological store and articulatory process.	语音环路 – 处理听觉信息；细分为语音存储和发音过程。
Episodic Memory – LTM for personal events (time and place).	情景记忆 – 对个人事件的长时记忆（时间与地点）。
Semantic Memory – LTM for facts and general knowledge.	语义记忆 – 对事实和一般知识的长时记忆。

4. Social Influence | 社会影响

Social influence terms often appear in scenario-based questions. Think of ‘Normative = Need to fit in’ and ‘Informational = Is it right?’. Milgram’s agency theory revolves around the agentic state, where we hand over responsibility to an authority figure. Use the word ‘AID’ to remember types of conformity: Compliance, Identification, Internalisation.

社会影响术语常出现在情景类题目中。记住 ‘Normative = 想要合群’，’Informational = 这是对的吗？’。米尔格拉姆的代理理论围绕代理状态展开，即我们将责任交给权威人物。用单词 ‘AID’ 来记住从众类型：顺从、认同、内化。

Conformity – Yielding to group pressure; changing behaviour or beliefs to match the majority.	从众 – 屈从于群体压力；改变行为或信念以符合多数人。
Normative Social Influence – Conformity driven by the desire to be liked and accepted.	规范性社会影响 – 因渴望被喜欢和接受而产生的从众。
Informational Social Influence – Conformity based on the belief that others have better information in ambiguous situations.	信息性社会影响 – 在模糊情境中因相信他人掌握更佳信息而产生的从众。
Obedience – Following a direct order from a perceived authority figure.	服从 – 遵从感知到的权威人物的直接命令。
Agentic State – A mental state where an individual sees themselves as an agent acting on behalf of an authority.	代理状态 – 个体视自己为代表权威行事的代理人的心理状态。
Autonomous State – Feeling personally responsible for one’s own actions.	自主状态 – 对自己的行为感到个人责任。
Bystander Effect – The tendency for individuals to be less likely to help when others are present.	旁观者效应 – 现场有他人在场时，个体更不可能伸出援手。
Diffusion of Responsibility – The belief that someone else will take action, reducing personal responsibility.	责任分散 – 认为别人会采取行动，从而降低个人责任感。
Compliance – Publicly going along with the group but privately disagreeing.	顺从 – 公开附和群体但内心不同意。
Internalisation – Truly accepting the group’s beliefs both publicly and privately.	内化 – 从公开到内心都真正接受群体的信念。

5. Brain and Neuropsychology | 脑与神经心理学

Neuroscience can feel daunting, but break it down into function families: frontal lobe (personality, decision-making), temporal lobe (hearing, memory), parietal lobe (touch, spatial awareness) and occipital lobe (vision). Picture ‘Hippo campus’ to recall that the hippocampus is crucial for memory. Remember the role of neurotransmitters like a lock and key.

神经科学可能令人望而生畏，但可按功能家族分解：额叶（人格、决策）、颞叶（听觉、记忆）、顶叶（触觉、空间意识）和枕叶（视觉）。把海马体想象成’河马校园’来记住它对记忆至关重要。把神经递质的作用记作锁和钥匙的关系。

Neuron – A nerve cell that transmits electrical and chemical signals.	神经元 – 传递电信号和化学信号的神经细胞。
Synapse – The tiny gap between neurons where neurotransmitters are released.	突触 – 神经元之间释放神经递质的微小间隙。
Neurotransmitter – A chemical messenger that carries signals across a synapse (e.g., serotonin, dopamine).	神经递质 – 在突触间传递信号的化学信使（例如血清素、多巴胺）。
Central Nervous System (CNS) – The brain and spinal cord.	中枢神经系统 (CNS) – 脑和脊髓。
Frontal Lobe – Responsible for higher-order functions such as reasoning, planning and personality.	额叶 – 负责推理、规划、人格等高级功能。
Temporal Lobe – Processes auditory information and is involved in memory (hippocampus).	颞叶 – 处理听觉信息并涉及记忆（海马体）。
Occipital Lobe – Processes visual information.	枕叶 – 处理视觉信息。
Hippocampus – Crucial for the formation of new long-term memories.	海马体 – 对新的长时记忆的形成至关重要。
Amygdala – Involved in emotion, especially fear and aggression.	杏仁核 – 涉及情绪，尤其是恐惧和攻击性。
Broca’s Area – Region in the left frontal lobe responsible for speech production.	布洛卡区 – 左额叶负责言语产生的区域。

6. Psychological Problems | 心理问题

For depression and addiction, remember the bio-psycho-social model. Biological explanations focus on genes and neurotransmitters like serotonin; psychological

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IGCSE Edexcel Psychology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorization Guide | IGCSE Edexcel 心理学：词汇术语速记指南