Year 13 AQA Physical Education: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | AQA 体育：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 13 AQA Physical Education: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | AQA 体育：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the extensive terminology in AQA A-level Physical Education is essential for top marks. This guide provides a quick-memorisation breakdown of key terms across all theoretical topics, pairing each definition with its Chinese equivalent to aid bilingual learning and recall. The terms are grouped by topic so you can build powerful mental associations and revise efficiently for Paper 1 and Paper 2.

掌握AQA A-level体育考试中广泛的术语是获得高分的关键。本指南将各理论专题的关键术语逐一拆解，每个定义都配有中文对应，帮助双语学习与记忆。术语按主题分组，让你能建立牢固的心理关联，高效备考卷一和卷二。

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1. Musculoskeletal System Key Terms | 肌肉骨骼系统核心术语

Slow-twitch (Type I) fibres possess high mitochondrial density and myoglobin content. They contract slowly, produce energy aerobically and are exceptionally fatigue-resistant, making them dominant in long-duration, low-intensity events such as the marathon.

慢肌纤维（I型）含有丰富的线粒体和肌红蛋白，收缩慢，依赖有氧供能，抗疲劳能力极强，因此在马拉松等长时间低强度运动中占主导地位。

Fast-twitch (Type IIx) fibres generate rapid, powerful contractions using anaerobic glycolysis. They fatigue quickly because they have few mitochondria and low oxidative capacity, serving sprinters and throwers who rely on explosive force.

快肌纤维（IIx型）通过无氧糖酵解产生快速有力的收缩，因线粒体少、氧化能力低而极易疲劳，主要服务于依赖爆发力的短跑和投掷运动员。

A motor unit consists of a single alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it innervates. Fine control (e.g. in the fingers) features small motor units with few fibres per neuron, whereas gross movements (e.g. in the quadriceps) involve large motor units.

一个运动单位由单个α运动神经元及其所支配的全部肌纤维组成。精细控制（如手指）的运动单位小，每神经元支配纤维少；而腿部大动作的运动单位大，支配纤维多。

The all-or-none law states that when a motor neuron stimulates a muscle fibre, the fibre either contracts fully or not at all. Graded force is achieved by recruiting more motor units, not by varying the contraction strength of individual fibres.

全或无定律指出，当运动神经元刺激肌纤维时，肌纤维要么全力收缩，要么完全不收缩。力量的大小是通过募集更多运动单位来实现的，而不是改变单个纤维的收缩强度。

Reciprocal inhibition is a reflex that relaxes the antagonist muscle when the agonist contracts. This automatic process improves movement efficiency and reduces the risk of injury during rapid, coordinated actions such as kicking a ball.

交互抑制是一种当主动肌收缩时使拮抗肌自动放松的反射。该过程可提升动作效率，并在踢球等快速协调动作中降低受伤风险。

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2. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems | 心血管与呼吸系统

Cardiac output (Q) is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, calculated as Q = stroke volume × heart rate. Trained athletes achieve a higher Q through an increased stroke volume, which allows a lower resting heart rate.

心输出量（Q）是心脏每分钟泵出的血量，公式为 Q = 每搏输出量 × 心率。受过训练的运动员因每搏输出量增大而获得更高的心输出量，其静息心率也更低。

Stroke volume rises during exercise but plateaus at around 40–60% of VO₂max. The Frank-Starling mechanism explains that greater venous return stretches the myocardium, leading to a more forceful contraction and thus a larger stroke volume.

运动时每搏输出量会增加，但在约VO₂max的40–60%时达到平台期。弗兰克-斯塔林机制指出，静脉回流量越大，心肌纤维被拉得越长，从而产生更有力的收缩，提高每搏输出量。

Tidal volume (TV) is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing; it increases from approximately 0.5 L at rest to 3–4 L during maximal exercise. Minute ventilation (VE) = tidal volume × breathing frequency and can exceed 150 L·min⁻¹ in elite athletes.

潮气量是正常呼吸时每次吸入或呼出的气体量，安静时约0.5升，最大运动时可增至3–4升。每分通气量（VE）= 潮气量 × 呼吸频率，优秀运动员可超过150升·分⁻¹。

The arteriovenous oxygen difference (a-vO₂ diff) reflects how much oxygen is extracted by active muscles from the blood. Endurance training increases capillary density and mitochondrial numbers, widening the a-vO₂ diff and improving oxygen utilisation.

动静脉氧差反映了活动肌肉从血液中摄取氧气的量。耐力训练可增加毛细血管密度和线粒体数量，增大动静脉氧差，提升氧气利用效率。

Bohr shift occurs when increased CO₂ and H⁺ ions (lower pH) reduce haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen, promoting oxygen unloading at the muscles. This is vital during intense exercise when working tissues demand more O₂.

波尔效应是指CO₂和H⁺浓度升高（pH降低）时血红蛋白对氧的亲和力下降，从而促进肌肉处氧气释放。在剧烈运动、组织大量需氧时，这一效应至关重要。

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3. Skill Classification and Information Processing | 技能分类与信息处理

Open skills are performed in an unpredictable, externally-paced environment where the performer must react to changing stimuli, such as dribbling past defenders in football. Closed skills take place in a stable, self-paced setting, like a penalty kick in training.

开放式技能在不可预测、受外部节奏影响的环境中进行，执行者必须对变化刺激做出反应，如足球过防守队员。闭锁式技能则在稳定、自定节奏环境中完成，如训练中的点球。

Gross skills involve large muscle groups and whole-body movements (e.g. a rugby tackle); fine skills require precise, small muscle coordination (e.g. a snooker shot). Most sports demand a blend of both, classified on a continuum.

粗略技能动用大肌群和全身动作（如橄榄球擒抱）；精细技能需要小肌群精确协调（如斯诺克击球）。大部分运动需要两者结合，并可在连续体上分类。

Welford’s model describes information processing as sense organs receiving input, perception making sense of it, the brain selecting a motor programme via the translatory mechanism, and then effectors producing output. Feedback loops allow corrections.

沃尔福德模型将信息处理描述为：感觉器官接收输入，知觉对其进行理解，大脑通过转译机制选择运动程序，然后效应器产生输出，反馈环路提供修正机会。

Hicks Law states that reaction time increases logarithmically as the number of stimulus–response alternatives grows. Coaches can reduce choice reaction time by limiting options or teaching anticipatory cues.

希克定律指出，随着刺激-反应选项数量增加，反应时呈对数上升。教练可以通过限制选项或教授预判线索来缩短选择反应时。

The psychological refractory period (PRP) is the delay in processing a second stimulus that arrives shortly after the first. In sport, a dummy or feint exploits the PRP, causing a defender to freeze momentarily.

心理不应期是指当第二个刺激紧跟在第一个刺激之后出现时，其加工会发生延迟。假动作或佯攻正是利用心理不应期，使防守者出现短暂停顿。

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4. Learning Theories and Feedback | 学习理论与反馈

Operant conditioning (Skinner) shapes behaviour through reinforcement. Positive reinforcement (praise) strengthens desired actions; negative reinforcement removes an unpleasant stimulus when the correct behaviour occurs; punishment weakens undesired behaviour.

操作性条件反射（斯金纳）通过强化塑造行为。正强化（表扬）增强期望动作；负强化是在正确行为出现时移除不愉快刺激；惩罚则削弱不良行为。

Bandura’s social learning theory proposes that we learn by observing and imitating significant others. Modelling is effective when the learner pays attention, retains the movement, can reproduce it, and is motivated to do so (the four ARRM stages).

班杜拉的社会学习理论认为我们通过观察和模仿榜样学习。当学习者注意、保持、能够再现并具有动机时（ARRM四阶段），示范学习最为有效。

Knowledge of results (KR) focuses on the outcome (e.g. the ball went wide), while knowledge of performance (KP) gives information on the movement pattern itself. Beginners benefit from KR, whereas advanced performers need KP for refinement.

结果反馈关注动作结果（如球射偏了），表现反馈则提供动作模式本身的信息。初学者受益于结果反馈，而高水准运动员需要表现反馈来精进技术。

Intrinsic feedback is sensory information felt directly by the performer (e.g. proprioception from muscles and joints). Extrinsic feedback comes from external sources such as a coach or video replay. A combination accelerates learning.

内在反馈是执行者直接感受到的感觉信息（如来自肌肉和关节的本体感觉）。外在反馈来自教练或录像等外部来源。两者结合可加速学习。

Cognitive learning theory emphasises understanding the underlying principles of a skill before learning it physically. The performer creates a mental map; the coach uses questioning to promote problem-solving and autonomous movement correction.

认知学习理论强调在身体练习前先理解技能的内在原理。学习者建立心理地图，教练通过提问促进问题解决和自主纠错。

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5. Sport Psychology: Arousal and Anxiety | 运动心理学：唤醒与焦虑

Drive theory suggests a linear relationship between arousal and performance: P = H × D. For well-learned skills, higher arousal leads to a more dominant habitual response, improving performance if the habit is correct.

驱力理论认为唤醒与成绩呈线性关系：P = H × D。对于熟练技能，高唤醒会增强优势习惯反应，若习惯正确，成绩就会提升。

The inverted-U theory proposes optimal performance at moderate arousal; too little leads to underperformance, too much to deterioration. The optimal zone varies by skill type, personality and experience.

倒U理论提出中等唤醒程度时成绩最佳；唤醒过低导致表现平淡，过高则成绩下降。最佳唤醒区间因技能类型、个性和经验而不同。

Catastrophe theory states that when high cognitive anxiety coexists with high somatic anxiety, performance can drop dramatically rather than gradually. Recovery requires a significant reduction in arousal before performance can return to high levels.

灾难理论认为，当高认知焦虑与高躯体焦虑同时存在时，成绩不会渐进下降，而会断崖式崩溃。只有将唤醒显著降低后，成绩才有可能恢复到高水平。

Cognitive anxiety involves worry, fear of failure and negative expectations, whereas somatic anxiety is the physiological response: sweating, increased heart rate, butterfly sensations. Both can be managed through relaxation and cognitive restructuring.

认知焦虑包含担忧、害怕失败和消极预期，躯体焦虑则是出汗、心跳加速、蝴蝶感等生理反应。两者均可通过放松训练和认知重建来管理。

The Zone of Optimal Functioning (ZOF) model suggests each athlete has an individualised band of arousal where they perform best. Psychometric scales like the CSAI-2 help identify personal pre-competition arousal levels to aid regulation.

最佳功能区理论指出，每位运动员都有自己独特的唤醒区段，在此区内表现最佳。像CSAI-2这类心理测量量表有助于识别个人赛前唤醒水平，帮助调控。

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6. Sport Psychology: Motivation and Aggression | 运动心理学：动机与攻击性

Intrinsic motivation comes from internal drivers such as enjoyment, satisfaction and a sense of accomplishment. Deci and Ryans self-determination theory highlights autonomy, competence and relatedness as key to sustained motivation.

内在动机来源于乐趣、满足感和成就感等内部驱力。德西和瑞安的自我决定理论强调自主性、胜任感和归属感是维持动机的三大关键。

Extrinsic motivation relies on external rewards like trophies, money or praise. Over-justification effect warns that excessive external rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation if the athlete perceives the activity as controlled rather than autonomous.

外在动机依赖奖杯、金钱或表扬等外部奖励。过度理由效应警告：过分外部奖励若让运动员感觉活动被控制而非自主，会损害内在动机。

Hostile aggression aims to harm the opponent and is accompanied by anger (e.g. throwing a punch). Instrumental aggression is premeditated, goal-oriented behaviour that uses force to achieve a sporting objective, such as a hard but legal tackle.

敌意攻击以伤害对手为目的并伴有愤怒（如挥拳打人）。工具性攻击是有预谋、目标导向的行为，使用力量来实现体育目标，如一次凶悍但合法的铲球。

The frustration–aggression hypothesis claims that blocked goals cause frustration, which leads to aggression. In sport, a poor refereeing decision might trigger frustration, and if the player lacks coping strategies, aggression may follow.

挫折-攻击假说认为，目标被阻碍导致挫折感，进而引发攻击行为。体育比赛中，一次糟糕的裁判判罚可能引发挫折感，若运动员缺乏应对策略，就可能出现攻击行为。

Achievement goal theory divides goal orientations into task-oriented (mastery, self-improvement) and ego-oriented (outperforming others). A task climate fostered by the coach encourages effort, persistence and intrinsic motivation even when losing.

成就目标理论将目标取向分为任务导向（掌握、自我提高）和自我导向（胜过他人）。教练营造的任务氛围鼓励努力、坚持和内在动机，即使在失利时也是如此。

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7. Sport and Society: Social Stratification | 体育与社会：社会分层

Social stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals based on factors like class, gender, ethnicity and disability. This layering creates inequalities in sport participation, funding and media representation.

社会分层指根据阶级、性别、种族和残疾等因素将人们序列化分层。这种分层导致体育参与、资金分配和媒体呈现上的不平等。

Habitus (Bourdieu) is the ingrained tastes, perceptions and practices shaped by a persons social background. An individuals habitus influences which sports they perceive as ‘for them’, affecting participation choices.

惯习（布迪厄）是由社会背景塑造的根深蒂固的品味、认知和行为习惯。一个人的惯习影响其对”属于自己”的运动项目的感知，进而影响参与选择。

Stereotyping is a simplified, generalised belief about a group. Gender stereotypes (‘boys play rugby, girls do netball’) can channel young people into gender-normative activities and discourage cross-boundary participation.

刻板印象是对某一群体的简化概括性信念。性别刻板印象（如”男孩打橄榄球，女孩打篮网球”）会引导年轻人参与符合性别规范的活动，抑制跨界参与。

Social mobility in sport refers to the ability to move up the social ladder through success. High-profile athletes can achieve vertical mobility, yet barriers such as coaching costs and facility access remain for lower socio-economic groups.

体育中的社会流动是指通过获得成功而提升社会阶层的能力。高知名度运动员可以实现垂直流动，但教练费用和设施可达性等障碍仍困扰着低社会经济群体。

Cultural capital includes non-financial assets such as knowledge, skills and educational qualifications that may grant status. Families with high cultural capital often expose children to prestigious sports like tennis or rowing, reinforcing class divisions.

文化资本包括知识、技能和学历等非经济资产，可赋予社会地位。拥有高文化资本的家庭常让孩子接触网球、赛艇等”精英运动”，进一步加剧阶级分化。

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8. Technology, Globalisation and Ethics | 技术、全球化与伦理

Globalisation of sport refers to the worldwide spread of sports like football and basketball, fuelled by media broadcasting, sponsorship and migration of players. While it boosts participation and revenue, it can also erode local sporting cultures.

体育全球化是指足球、篮球等运动在世界范围内传播，受媒体转播、赞助和球员迁移推动。它在提升参与度和收入的同时，也可能侵蚀地方体育文化。

Video technology assists officials in making correct decisions (e.g. VAR in football, Hawk-Eye in tennis). However, opponents argue it disrupts game flow and damages the ‘human element’ of sport, sparking ethical debate.

视频技术辅助裁判做出正确判罚（如足球VAR、网球鹰眼）。但反对者认为它会打断比赛节奏，损害体育的“人的因素”，引发伦理争议。

Gene doping is the non-therapeutic use of genes to enhance performance, such as introducing the erythropoietin (EPO) gene to boost red blood cell production. It is banned, hard to detect, and raises profound moral questions about human enhancement.

基因兴奋剂指非治疗性地使用基因技术提高成绩，如导入促红细胞生成素（EPO）基因增加红细胞生成。该行为被禁止，难以检测，并引发关于人类增强的深刻道德问题。

The golden triangle describes the interdependent relationship between sport, media and sponsorship. Media generates exposure, which attracts sponsors; funding from sponsorship raises performance and professionalism, and all three drive commercialisation.

黄金三角描述了体育、媒体和赞助商之间相互依存的关系。媒体制造曝光吸引赞助商，赞助资金提升竞技水平和职业化程度，三者共同推动体育商业化。

Match-fixing and betting corruption undermine sporting integrity. Athletes who underperform deliberately for financial gain violate the spirit of sport, often influenced by organised crime. Vigorous education and monitoring are crucial for prevention.

假球和赌球腐败破坏体育诚信。为经济利益故意表现不佳的运动员违反了体育精神，往往受有组织犯罪影响。强有力的教育和监控是预防的关键。

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9. Biomechanical Principles | 生物力学原理

Newtons First Law (inertia): a body remains at rest or in uniform motion unless a net external force acts upon it. In sprinting, the starting block exerts an external force, overcoming the athlete’s inertia.

牛顿第一定律（惯性）：物体在无净外力作用时保持静止或匀速直线运动。短跑中，起跑器施加外力，克服运动员的惯性。

Newtons Third Law (reaction): for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. When a swimmer pushes water backward, the water pushes the swimmer forward with equal force, propelling movement.

牛顿第三定律（反作用力）：每个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力。游泳者向后推水，水便以同等力量向前推游泳者，推动前进。

Angular momentum is the quantity of rotation a body possesses, expressed as moment of inertia × angular velocity. In figure skating, pulling arms close reduces moment of inertia, increasing angular velocity and spin speed.

角动量是物体旋转的数量，等于转动惯量 × 角速度。花样滑冰中，收拢手臂减小转动惯量，从而增加角速度和旋转速度。

Projectile motion factors: velocity of release, angle of release and height of release. The optimal angle for maximum horizontal distance is 45° in a vacuum, but this varies when considering air resistance and release height (e.g. shot put <45°).

抛体运动因素：出手速度、出手角度和出手高度。真空中最大水平位移的理论最佳角为45°，但考虑空气阻力和出手高度时会有变化（如铅球出手角度小于45°）。

The Magnus effect explains how spin causes a deviation in the flight path. Topspin on a tennis ball creates a pressure difference that forces the ball downward, allowing harder hits to stay in the court.

马格努斯效应解释旋转如何导致飞行路径偏离。网球上旋产生压差，迫使球下沉，使大力击球也能落在界内。

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10. Training Principles and Nutrition | 训练原则与营养

The FITT principle (Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type) frames session planning. For aerobic gains, recommend F: 3–5 days/week, I: 60–80% HR max, T: 20–60 min, Type: continuous or interval.

FITT原则（频率、强度、时间、方式）是制订训练课框架的依据。有氧训练建议：频率每周3–5天，强度60–80%最大心率，时间20–60分钟，方式为持续或间歇训练。

Periodisation organises training into macrocycles (annual), mesocycles (months) and microcycles (weeks). This systematic variation prevents overtraining, ensures peaking at the right time and incorporates recovery phases.

周期化将训练分为大周期（年度）、中周期（月）和小周期（周）。这种系统性变化可防止过度训练，确保在正确时间达到巅峰状态，并纳入恢复阶段。

Creatine monohydrate supplementation increases phosphocreatine stores in muscles, boosting ATP resynthesis during high-intensity, short-duration efforts (e.g. sprinting, weightlifting). It also causes slight water retention, increasing body mass.

一水肌酸补剂可增加肌肉中的磷酸肌酸储备，提升短时高强度运动（如冲刺、举重）中的ATP再合成速度。它还会引起轻微水分滞留，增加体重。

Glycaemic index (GI) classifies carbohydrates based on how quickly they raise blood glucose. Low-GI foods (oats, lentils) provide sustained energy pre-event, while high-GI foods (sports drinks, gels) deliver rapid glucose replenishment during and after exercise.

升糖指数根据升高血糖的速度对碳水化合物分类。低GI食物（燕麦、扁豆）赛前提供持久能量；高GI食物（运动饮料、能量胶）可在运动中和运动后快速补充葡萄糖。

Altitude training exposes athletes to hypoxic conditions, stimulating natural EPO production and increasing red cell mass. The ‘live high, train low’ approach optimises haematological adaptations while maintaining high-intensity training quality.

高原训练使运动员处于低氧环境，刺激身体产生天然EPO，增加红细胞总量。“高住低练”策略在优化血液适应性的同时，保持了高强度训练质量。

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