Year 13 Cambridge German: Grammar Formulas & Theorems Quick Reference | 剑桥德语高级语法公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 13 Cambridge German: Grammar Formulas & Theorems Quick Reference | 剑桥德语高级语法公式定理速查手册

Welcome to your essential revision companion for Year 13 Cambridge German. This handbook distils high‑level grammar into clear, formula‑like rules and tables – your ‘theorems’ for accurate sentence construction. From verb conjugation patterns to subjunctive mood triggers, each section pairs a concise English explanation with its Chinese counterpart, ensuring you master the structures that examiners expect at A Level. Use it to revise, to self‑check, and to build confidence in writing and speaking.

欢迎使用这本针对13年级剑桥德语的复习速查手册。我们将高级语法浓缩为清晰的公式化规则与表格——帮助你准确造句的“定理”。从动词变位模式到虚拟式的触发条件，每一节都搭配简洁的英文讲解与中文对照，确保你掌握A‑Level考试中必备的结构。你可以用它进行复习、自我检测，并在写作和口语中建立信心。

1. Present Tense Verb Conjugation: The Basic Formula | 现在时动词变位基本公式

The present tense in German is built on a reliable stem + ending system. For regular (weak) verbs, remove the infinitive -en to obtain the stem, then add the standard endings. This yields a predictable formula for all persons except the irregular du and er/sie/es forms in strong verbs.

德语的现在时建立在可靠的词干+词尾体系之上。对于规则（弱变化）动词，去掉不定式的-en得到词干，然后加上标准词尾。这样就得到了一个可预测的公式，适用于所有人称，但强变化动词的du和er/sie/es形式会有所不同。

Weak Verb Formula: stem + (-e, -st, -t, -en, -t, -en)

Person	Ending	Example: machen
ich	-e	mache
du	-st	machst
er/sie/es	-t	macht
wir	-en	machen
ihr	-t	macht
sie/Sie	-en	machen

Strong verbs often undergo a vowel change in the du and er/sie/es forms: e → i (sprechen → du sprichst) or a → ä (fahren → du fährst). There are also a few highly irregular verbs such as sein (ich bin, du bist, er ist), haben (du hast, er hat) and werden (du wirst, er wird). Always memorise these key irregulars separately.

强变化动词在du和er/sie/es形式中常有元音变化：e → i（如sprechen → du sprichst）或a → ä（如fahren → du fährst）。此外还有少数高度不规则的动词，如sein（ich bin, du bist, er ist）、haben（du hast, er hat）和werden（du wirst, er wird）。这些关键的不规则变化必须单独牢记。

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2. Adjective Endings: The Three Tables | 形容词词尾三大表

Adjective endings in German depend on three factors: the type of article (definite, indefinite, or no article), the gender of the noun, and the case. The system can be memorised as three distinct tables. Once internalised, they become a reliable ‘theorem’ for any attributive adjective.

德语形容词词尾取决于三个因素：冠词类型（定冠词、不定冠词或零冠词）、名词的性和格。这套系统可以通过三个不同的表格来记忆。一旦内化，它们就成为适用于任何定语形容词的可靠“定理”。

Table 1: After the definite article (der, das, die) – The endings are mostly -e or -en.

表一：定冠词后——词尾主要为-e或-en。

Case	Masculine	Neuter	Feminine	Plural
Nominative	-e	-e	-e	-en
Accusative	-en	-e	-e	-en
Dative	-en	-en	-en	-en
Genitive	-en	-en	-en	-en

Table 2: After the indefinite article (ein, kein) and possessive adjectives – The endings signal the gender and case where the article lacks a strong ending.

表二：不定冠词（ein, kein）和物主形容词后——当冠词缺少强变化词尾时，形容词词尾需承担标示性、数、格的功能。

Case	Masculine	Neuter	Feminine	Plural (keine)
Nominative	-er	-es	-e	-en
Accusative	-en	-es	-e	-en
Dative	-en	-en	-en	-en
Genitive	-en	-en	-en	-en

Table 3: Zero‑article (no article) – The adjective now takes the full strong ending, mimicking the definite article endings.

表三：零冠词后——形容词此时采用全强变化词尾，与定冠词词尾相似。

Case	Masculine	Neuter	Feminine	Plural
Nominative	-er	-es	-e	-e
Accusative	-en	-es	-e	-e
Dative	-em	-em	-er	-en
Genitive	-en	-en	-er	-er

For exam success, practise applying these patterns in context, especially with the mixed declension (Table 2) where ein lacks a distinct nominative masculine and neuter marker.

为在考试中成功，请在实际语境中练习运用这些模式，尤其要注意混合变化（表二），因为ein在阳性主格和中性主格中没有醒目的标示。

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3. Subjunctive II (Konjunktiv II): Unreal Situations and Polite Requests | 第二虚拟式：非现实状况与礼貌请求

Konjunktiv II is the formula for hypotheticals, wishes, and polite speech. Present forms are usually built from the simple past stem + umlaut + -e endings, while the würde + infinitive construction is increasingly used for regular verbs to avoid ambiguity with the indicative. Strong verbs often retain their own distinct Konjunktiv II forms.

第二虚拟式是表达假设、愿望和礼貌用语的公式。现在时形式通常由过去时词干 + 变音 + -e词尾构成；而würde + 不定式的结构越来越多地用于规则动词，以避免与直陈式混淆。强变化动词往往保留自己独特的第二虚拟式形式。

Construction 1: würde + infinitive (for most weak/regular verbs)

Example: Ich würde kommen, wenn ich Zeit hätte. (I would come if I had time.)

示例：Ich würde kommen, wenn ich Zeit hätte.（如果我有时间，我会来。）

Construction 2: Special forms (strong verbs, modals, auxiliaries)

Infinitive	Konjunktiv II form	Meaning
sein	wäre	would be
haben	hätte	would have
werden	würde	would become / would
können	könnte	could / would be able
müssen	müsste	would have to
wissen	wüsste	would know

The past/unreal perfect is formed with hätte or wäre + past participle: Ich hätte es gemacht. (I would have done it.) In comparison sentences with als ob or als, always use Konjunktiv II: Er tut so, als ob er alles wüsste.

过去时/非现实完成时用hätte或wäre + 过去分词构成：Ich hätte es gemacht.（我本会做的。）在带有als ob或als的比较句中，总是使用第二虚拟式：Er tut so, als ob er alles wüsste.（他装出一副什么都知道的样子。）

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4. Passive Voice Formulas: Vorgangspassiv and Zustandspassiv | 被动语态公式：过程被动与状态被动

German has two passive constructions: the action‑focused Vorgangspassiv (process passive) and the result‑focused Zustandspassiv (state passive). Both follow fixed formulas that can be applied across tenses. The agent is optionally introduced by von (+ dative).

德语有两种被动结构：强调动作的Vorgangspassiv（过程被动）和强调结果的Zustandspassiv（状态被动）。两者都遵循固定的公式，可以应用于各种时态。施动者可以选用von（+ 第三格）引出。

Vorgangspassiv: werden + Partizip II

Tense	Formula	Example: bauen (to build)
Present	wird + gebaut	Das Haus wird gebaut.
Simple past	wurde + gebaut	Das Haus wurde gebaut.
Perfect	ist + gebaut worden	Das Haus ist gebaut worden.
Future	wird + gebaut werden	Es wird gebaut werden.

Zustandspassiv: sein + Partizip II

Tense	Formula	Example: öffnen (to open)
Present	ist + geöffnet	Die Tür ist geöffnet.
Simple past	war + geöffnet	Die Tür war geöffnet.

When a modal verb is involved, a passive infinitive is formed: müssen/können + Partizip II + werden. Example: Das Problem muss gelöst werden. (The problem must be solved.) This structure is common in formal and academic writing.

当含有情态动词时，则形成被动不定式：m

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